前言

秘方简介

常用词列表

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

I

CHINA’S PREDICAMENT

In September, 1906, an edict was issued from the Imperial Court 法院 at Peking which states China’s predicament 困境 with naïveté and vigour.

“The cultivation 教养 of the poppy 罂粟,” runs the edict, in the authorized 授权 translation 翻译, “is the greatest iniquity in agriculture 农业, and the provinces 省 of Szechuen, Shensi, Kansu, Yunnan, Kweichow, Shansi, and Kanghuai abound 盛产 in its product 产品, which, in fact, is found find every‧where 到处. Now that it is decided 决定 to abandon 放弃 opium 鸦片 smoking 烟 within 在内 ten 十 years, the limiting 限制 of this cultivation 教养 should be taken as a fundamental 基本的 step 步；走 ... opium 鸦片 has been in use so long by the people that nearly three-tenths or four-tenths of them are smokers 抽烟者.”

“Three-tenths or four-tenths” of the Chinese people,—one hundred 百 and fifty 五十 million opium 鸦片-smokers 抽烟者—mean three or four times the population 人口 of Great Britain, a good many more many than the population of the United States!

The Chinese are notoriously 臭名昭著 inexact in statistical 统计 matters. The officials 行政官员 who drew 绘画:draw up the edict probably 很可能；大概 wished 希望 to convey 传达 the impression 印象 that the situation 处境 is really grave 坟墓；严重的, and employed 雇用 this form of statement 声明 in order to give force to the document 文件. No accurate 准确的；精确的；正确的 estimate 估计 of the number of opium 鸦片 victims 受害者 in China is obtain‧able 获得‧能够的; but it is possible to combine 使结合 the impressions 印象 which have been set down by reliable 可靠 observers 观察者 in different 不同的 parts of the “ Middle 中部 Kingdom 王国,” and thus 于是 to arrive 到达 at a fair 公平；美丽, general impression 印象 of the truth 真理. The following, for example 例子, from Mr. Alexander Hosie, the commercial 商业的 attach 连接é to the British legation at Peking, should carry 运送；支撑 weight 重量. He is reporting on conditions 状态 in Szechuen Province 省:

“I am well within 在内 the mark 斑点；标注 when I say that in the cities fifty 五十 per cent 分. of the males 男性的 and twenty 二十 per cent. of the females 女性的 smoke 烟 opium 鸦片, and that in the country the percent‧age 百分比 is not less little than twenty 二十-five for men and five per cent. for women.” There are about forty 四十-two million people in Szechuen Province 省; and they not only raise 提升；种 and consume 消耗 a very great quantity 量 of opium 鸦片, they also send 派遣；送 about twenty 二十 thou‧sand 千 tons 吨 down the Yangtse River 河 every year for use in other provinces 省. The report of other travellers, merchants 商人, and official 行政官员 investigators indicate 表明 that about all of the richest 富有的 soil 泥土 in Szechuen is given give over to poppy 罂粟 cultivation 教养, and that the labouring classes 班 show a notice‧able 显 decline 下降 of late in physique and capacity 容量 for work.

In regard 认为 to another so-called “opium 鸦片 province 省,” Yunnan, we have the following statement 声明: “I saw see practically 实践的 the whole 全部的 population 人口 given give over to its abuse 滥用. The ravages 蹂躏 it is making in men, women, and children are deplorable.... I was quite 相当 able 能够的 to realize 明白；理解；实现 that any one who had seen see the wild 野生的 abuse 滥用 of opium 鸦片 in Yunnan would have a wild abhorrence of it.”

In later chapters 章节 we shall 将要 go into the matter more many at length 长度. Here let me add 增加 to these statements 声明 merely 仅仅，只，不过 a few typical 典型 scraps 废料 of information, selected 选择 from a bundle 捆 of note 笔记-books 书 full 满的 of records 记录 of chats 聊 and interviews 访问 with travellers of almost every nationality 国籍 and of almost every station 站 in life. The secretary 秘书 of a life insurance 保险 company which does a consider‧able 大量 business up and down the coast 海岸 told tell me that, roughly 不精确的, fifty 五十 per cent 分 of the Chinese who apply 用于 for insurance are opium 鸦片-smokers 抽烟者. Another bit 一点 comes from a man who lived for several years in an inland 内陆 city of a quarter 四分之一 of a million inhabitants 居民. The local 地方的 Anti-opium 鸦片 League 联盟；联赛 had 750 members, he said and he believed 信任 that about every other man in the city was a smoker 烟. “It is practically 实践的 a case of every‧body 每人 smoking 烟,” he concluded 得出结论.

Twenty-five years ago 以前, when the consumption 消费 of opium 鸦片 in China could hardly 几乎不 have been more many than half 一半的 what it is to-day, a British consul estimated 估计 the proportion 比例 of smokers 抽烟者 in the region 地区 he had visited 访问 as follows: “Labourers and small farmers 农场主, ten 十 per cent 分.; small shop‧keeper 店主, twenty 二十 per cent.; soldiers 士兵, thirty 三十 per cent 6.; merchants 商人, eighty 八十 per cent 7.; officials 行政官员 and their staff 全体职员;参谋, ninety 九十 per cent 8.; actors 演员, prostitutes 妓女, vagrants, thieves, ninety 九十-five per cent 9.” The labourers and farmers 农场主, the real strength 力量 of China, as of every other land 陆地；着陆, had not yet been overwhelmed 压倒—but they were going under, even then. The most many startling 惊吓 news 新闻 to-day is from these lower 低的 classes 班, even from the country villages 村庄, the last to give way. Dr. Parker, the American Methodist missionary 传教士 at Shanghai, informed 通知 me that reports to this effect 影响 were coming in steadily 稳定的 from up country; and during my own journey 旅行 I heard hear the same bad 坏的 news 新闻 almost every‧where 到处 along 一起 a route 路线 which measured 测量, before I left 左边；留下；离开 China, something more many than four thou‧sand 千 miles 英里.

Perhaps 或许 the most many convincing 说服 summing 和 up of China’s predicament 困境 is found find in another translation 翻译 from a recent 最近的 Chinese document 文件, this time an appeal 上诉 to the throne 王座 from four viceroys. The quaintness of the language 语言 does not, I think, impair 妨害 its effectiveness 效用 and its power as a protest 抗议: “China can never become strong 强的 and stand shoulder 肩膀 and shoulder with the powers of the world unless 除非 she can get rid 使摆脱 of the habit 习惯 of opium 鸦片- smoking 烟 by her subjects 主题, about one quarter 四分之一 of whom 谁 have been reduced 减少 to skeletons 骨架 and look half 一半的-dead 死去的.”

This then is the curse 诅咒 which the imperial 帝国 government has talked 说话 so quaintly 精巧 of “abandoning 放弃.” This is the debauchery which is to be put down by officials 行政官员, ninety 九十 per cent of whom 谁 were supposed 假定 to be more many or less little confirmed 确认 smokers 抽烟者. Such almost child‧like 小孩‧喜欢；象 optimism 乐观 brings to mind a certain Sunday in New York City when Theodore Roosevelt, with the whole 全部的 police 警察 force under his orders, tried to close the saloons 轿车. It brings to mind other attempts 试图 in Europe and America, to check 检查 and control 控制 vice 副职的；副的 and depravity— attempts which have never, I think, been wholly 全 successful 成功—and one begins to under‧stand 懂 the discouraging 不鼓励 immensity of the task 任务 which China has undertaken. Really, to “ stop 停止 using opium 鸦片” would mean a very rear‧range 改编 of the agricultural 农业的 plan of the empire 帝国. It would make necessary 必要的 an immediate 立即的 solution 解决 of China’s transportation problem (no other crop 农作物 is so easy 容易的 to carry 运送；支撑 as opium 鸦片) and an almost complete reconstruction 重建 of the imperial 帝国 finances 金融; indeed 的确, few observers 观察者 are so glib as to suggest 建议 off‧hand 离开；从…落下‧手 a substitute 替代 for the immense 极大的 opium 鸦片 revenue 收入 to the Chinese government. And nobody 没有人 to accomplish 完成；实现；达到；做到 all this but those sodden officials 行政官员, of whom 谁 it is safe 安全的 to guess 推测 that fifty 五十 per cent have some sort 分类 or other of a financial 金融 stake 赌注 in the traffic 交通!

In the minds of most many of us, I think, there has been a vague 模糊 notion 概念 that the Chinese have always smoked 烟 opium 鸦片, that opium 鸦片 is in some peculiar 奇怪的 way a necessity 必须 to the Chinese constitution 宪法. Even among 之间 those who know the extra‧ordinary 非凡的 history 历史 of this morbidly fascinating 深深吸引；迷住 vegetable 蔬菜 product 产品, who know that the India-grown 生长；种植:grow British drug 药物 was pushed 推 and smuggled 走私 and bayoneted into China during a century 世纪 of desperate 殊死 protest 抗议 and even armed 手臂 resistance 抵抗 from these yellow 黄色的 people, it has been a popular 流行的 argument 论据 to assert 断言 that the Chinese have only themselves 他们自己 to blame 指责 for the “ demand 要求” that made the trade 贸易 possible. Of this “ demand,” and of how it was worked up by Christian traders 商人, we shall 将要 speak 讲 at some length 长度 in later chapters 章节. “Educational 教育性 methods 方法” in the extending 延伸 of trade 贸易 can hardly 几乎不 be said to have originated 起源 with the modern 现代的 trust 信任. The curious 好奇的 fact is that the Chinese didn’t use opium 鸦片 and didn’t want opium 鸦片.

Your true 真正的 opium 鸦片- smoker 烟 stretches 伸展 him‧self 他自己 on a divan and gives up ten 十 or fifteen 十五 minutes 分 to preparing 准备 his thimbleful of the brown 棕色的 drug 药物. When it has been heated 热 and worked to the proper 适当的 consistency 一致性, he places it in the tiny 小 bowl 碗 of his pipe 管子, holds it over a lamp 灯, and draws 绘画 a few whiffs of the smoke 烟 deep 深的 into his lungs 肺. It seems, at first, a trivial 不重要的 thing; indeed 的确, the man who is well fed 喂养:feed and properly 正确地 housed and clothed 供穿 seems able 能够的 to keep it up for a consider‧able 大量 time and without appreciable ill 生病 results. The greater difficulty 困难 in China is, of course, that very few opium 鸦片-smokers 抽烟者 are well fed 喂养:feed and properly 正确地 housed and clothed 供穿.

I heard hear little about the beautiful 美丽 dreams 梦想 and visions 视力 which opium 鸦片 is supposed 假定 to bring; all the smokers 抽烟者 with whom 谁 I talked 说话 could be roughly 不精确的 divided 分 into two classes 班—those who smoked 烟 in order to relieve 解除 pain 痛苦 or misery 痛苦, and those miserable 悲惨的 victims 受害者 who smoked to relieve the acute 急性 physical 物理 distress 苦难 brought bring on by the opium 鸦片 itself 本身. Probably 很可能；大概 the majority 多数 of the victims 受害者 take it up as a temporary 临时 relief 宽慰; many begin in early childhood 童年; the mother 母亲 will give the baby 婴儿 a whiff to stop 停止 its crying 哭，叫喊. It is a social vice 副职的；副的 only among 之间 the upper 上面的 classes 班. The most many not‧able 显着 outward 向外的 effect 影响 of this indulgence 放纵 is the resulting physical 物理 weakness 弱点 and lassitude. The opium 鸦片- smoker 烟 cannot work hard 硬；困难的; he finds it difficult 困难的 to apply 用于 his mind to a problem or his body 身体 to a task 任务. As the habit 习惯 becomes firmly 坚固的 fastened 系牢 on him, there is a perceptible weakening 柔弱的:weak of his moral 道德的 fibre; he shows him‧self 他自己 unequal 不等 to emergencies 急 which make any sudden 突然的 demand 要求 upon him. If opium 鸦片 is denied 拒绝 him, he will lie 躺；说谎 and steal in order to obtain 获得 it.

Opium- smoking 烟 is a costly vice 副职的；副的. A pipe‧full 管子‧满的 of a mode‧rate 有节制的 good native 本土的 product 产品 costs more many than a labourer can earn 赚得 in a day; consequently 所以 the poorer 贫穷的 classes 班 smoke 烟 an unspeakable compound 组合 based 底；基础 on pipe 管子 scrapings 擦 and char‧coal 木炭. Along 一起 the highroads the coolies even scrape 擦 the grime from the packsaddles to mix 混合 with this dross. The clerk 店员 earning 赚得 from twenty 二十-five to fifty 五十 Mexican dollars 美元 a month 月 will frequently 频繁地，经常地 spend 用钱；消磨时间 from ten 十 to twenty 二十 dollars a month on opium 鸦片. The typical 典型 confirmed 确认 smoker 烟 is a man who spends 用钱；消磨时间 a consider‧able 大量 part of the night in smoking 烟 him‧self 他自己 to sleep 睡, and all the next morning 早晨 in sleeping 睡 off the effects 影响. If he is able 能够的 to work at all, it is only during the after‧noon 下午, and even at that there will be many days when the official 行政官员 or merchant 商人 is incompetent 无能 to conduct 进行 his affairs 事情. Thousands of prominent 突出 men are ruined 破坏 every year.

The Cantonese have what they call “The Ten 十 Cannots regarding 认为 The Opium-Smoker.” “He cannot (1) give up the habit 习惯; (2) enjoy 享有 sleep 睡; (3) wait 等候 for his turn when sharing 股 his pipe 管子 with his friends 朋友; (4) rise 上升 early; (5) be cured 治愈 if sick 病；恶心; (6) help relations 关系 in need; (7) enjoy 享有 wealth 财产; (8) plan any‧thing 任何东西; (9) get credit 信用 even when an old customer 顾客; (10) walk 走；步行同道 any distance 距离.”

This is the land 陆地；着陆 into which the enterprising 企业 Christian traders 商人 introduced 提出 opium 鸦片, and into which they fed 喂养:feed opium 鸦片 so persistently 一贯 and forcibly 强制 that at last a “good market 交易” was developed. England did not set out to ruin 破坏 China. One finds no hint 暗示 of a diabolical purpose 目的 to seduce 勾引 and destroy 破坏 a wonderful 精彩 old empire 帝国 on the other side of the world. The ruin worked was incidental 附带的 to that far Eastern 东方的 trade 贸易 of which England has been so proud 自豪的. It was the triumph 胜利 of the balance 平衡 sheet 纸 over common 普通的 humanity 人性.

And so it is to-day. British India still holds the cream 乳霜 of the trade 贸易, for the Chinesegrown 生长；种植:grow opium 鸦片 cannot compete 竞赛 in quality 质量 with the Indian drug 药物. The British Indian government raises 提升；种 the poppy 罂粟 in the rich 富有的 Ganges Valley 山谷 (more many than six 6 hundred 百 thou‧sand 千 acres 英亩 of poppies 罂粟 they raised 提升；种 there last year), manufactures 制造 it in government factories 工厂 at Patna and Ghazipur— manufactures four-fifths of it especially 尤其地 to suit 一套外衣 the Chinese taste 品尝, and sells 卖 it at annual 全年 government auctions 拍卖 in Calcutta.

The result of this traffic 交通 is so very grave 坟墓；严重的 that it is a difficult 困难的 matter to discuss 讨论 in mode‧rate 有节制的 language 语言. To the traveller 旅行 who leaves the rail‧road 铁路 and steam‧boat 蒸汽‧小船 lines and ventures 企业；投机活动；商业冒险, in spring‧less 春季‧少 native 本土的 cart 运货马车 or swaying 摇摆 mule 马骡 litter 窝, along 一起 the sunken roads 路 and the hills 小山 of western 西方的 and north‧western 北方‧西方的 China, the havoc 浩劫 and misery 痛苦 wrought 锻 by the “ white 白色的 man’s smoke 烟,” the “ foreign 外国的 dust 灰尘,” becomes unpleasantly 不愉快 evident 明显. Some hint 暗示 of the meaning of it, a faint 微弱的 impression 印象 of the terrible 可怕的 devastation 毁坏 of this drug 药物—let loose 松的, as it has been, on a backward 向后的, poverty 贫穷-stricken race 赛跑—is seared, hour 小时 by hour and day by day into his brain 脑.

A terrible 可怕的 drama 戏剧 is now being 存在 enacted 制定 in the Far East 东. The Chinese race 赛跑 is engaged 从事 in a fight 战斗 to a finish 完成 with a drug 药物—and the odds 奇 are on the drug 药物.

 

 

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II

THE GOLDEN OPIUM DAYS

In the splendid 壮观的, golden 金色的 days of the East 东 India Company, the great Warren Hastings put him‧self 他自己 on record 记录 in these frank 坦率 words:

“Opium is a pernicious article 文章 of luxury 豪华, which ought 应当 not to be permitted 许可 but for the purpose 目的 of foreign 外国的 commerce 商业 only.” The new traffic 交通 promised 允诺 to solve 解决 the Indian fiscal 财 problem, if skillfully 熟练 managed 使用; accordingly 于是, the production 生产 and manufacture 制造 of opium 鸦片 was made a government monopoly 垄断. China, after all, was a long way off—and Chinamen were only Chinamen. That the East 东 India Company might be loosing 松的 an uncontrollable monster 怪物 not only on China but on the world hardly 几乎不 occurred 发生 to the great Warren Hastings—the British chickens 鸡 might, a century 世纪 later, come home to roost in Australia and South 南方 Africa was too remote 远程 a possibility 可能性 even for speculative 投机 inquiry 调查.

Now trade 贸易 supports 支持 us, governs us, controls 控制 our dependencies 依赖, represents 代表 us at foreign 外国的 courts 法院, carries 运送；支撑 on our wars, signs 符号 our treaties 条约 of peace 和平. Trade 贸易, like its symbol 标志，象征 the dollar 美元, is neither 都不 good nor 也不 bad 坏的; it has no patriotism 爱国主义, no morals 道德的, no humanity 人性. Its logic 逻辑 applies 用于 with the same relentless 狠 force and precision 精确 to corn 玉米, cotton 棉, rice 稻, wheat 小麦, human 人 slaves 奴隶, oil 油, votes 投票, opium 鸦片. It is the power that drives 驾驶 human affairs 事情; and its law is the law of the balance 平衡 sheet 纸. So long as any commodity 商品 remains 留；剩余 in the currents 现在的 of trade 6 the law of trade 7 must reign 统治, the balance sheet must balance. It is difficult 困难的 to get a commodity 商品 into these currents, but once you have got get the commodity 商品 in, you will find it next to impossible 不可能的 to get it out. There has been more many than one prime 主要 minister 大臣, I fancy 想像, more many than one secretary 秘书 of state for India, who has wished 希望 the opium 鸦片 question in Jericho. It is not pleasant 可爱的 to answer 答复 the moral 道德的 indignation 愤慨 of the British empire 帝国 with the cynical 愤世嫉俗的 statement 声明 that the India government cannot exist 存在 without that opium 鸦片 revenue 收入. Why, oh, why, did not the great Warren Hastings develop the cotton 棉 rather than the opium 鸦片 industry! But the interesting fact is that he did not. He chose 挑选:choose opium 鸦片, and opium 鸦片 it is.

The India Government Opium Monopoly is an import 进口 factor 因子 in this extra‧ordinary 非凡的 story 故事 of a debauchery of a third of the human 人 race 赛跑 by the most many nearly Christian among 之间 Christian nations. We must under‧stand 懂 what it is and how it works before we can understand the narrative 叙述 of that greed 贪心, with its attend‧ant 服务员 smuggling 走私, bribery 行贿 and blood‧shed 血‧棚 which has brought bring the Chinese empire 帝国 to its knees 膝. In speaking 讲 of it as a “monopoly 垄断,” I am not employing 雇用 a cant 斜面 word for effect 影响. I am not making a case. That is what it is officially 行政官员 styled 样式 in a certain blue 蓝色 book 书 on my table 桌；表 which bears 生；熊 the title 标题, “Statement 声明 Exhibiting the Moral 道德的 and Material 材料 Progress 进步 of India during the year 1905-6,” and which was ordered by the House of Commons, to be printed 印刷, May 10th, 1907.

It is easy 容易的, with or without evidence 证据, to charge 装载 a great corporation 公司 or a great government with inhuman crimes 罪行. If the charge be unjust 不公 it is difficult 困难的 for the corporation 公司 or the government to set itself 本身 right before the people. Six 6 truths 真理 cannot overtake one lie 躺；说谎. That is why, in this day of popular 流行的 rule 规则, the really irresponsible 不负责任 power that makes and unmakes history 历史 lies 躺；说谎 in the hands of the journalist 记者. As the charge 装载 I am bringing is so serious 严肃的 as to be almost unthinkable 不可思议的, and as I wish 希望 to leave no loop‧hole 漏洞 for the counter 反；表面- charge that I am colouring this statement 声明, I think I can do no better well than to lift 举起 my description 描述 of the Opium Monopoly bodily 身体 from that rather ponderous blue 蓝色 book 书.

There is nothing new in this charge 装载, nothing new in the condition 状态 which invites 邀请 it. It is rather a common‧place 平凡 old condition. Millions of men, for more many than a hundred 百 years, have taken it for granted 发放, just as men once took piracy 海盗行为 for granted 发放, just as men once took the African slave 奴隶-trade 8 for granted 发放, just as men to-day take the highly organized 组织 traffic 交通 in unfortunate 不幸的 women and girls for granted 发放. Ask a Tory political 政治的 leader of to-day—Mr. Balfour say—for his opinion 意见 on the opium 鸦片 question, and if he thinks it worth 值得的 his while to answer 答复 you at all he will probably 很可能；大概 deal 很多；对付 shortly 短的 with you for dragging 拖拽 up an absurd 荒诞 bit 一点 of fanaticism. For a century 世纪 or more many, about all the missionaries 传教士, and goodness 善良 knows how many other observers 观察者, have protested 抗议 against this monstrous 滔天 traffic 交通 in poison 毒药. Sixty-five years ago 以前 Lord 主 Ashley (after‧ward 之后 Earl of Shaftesbury) agitated 激荡 the question in Parliament. Fifty years ago he obtained 获得 from the Law Officers of the Crown 王冠 the opinion 意见 that the opium 鸦片 trade 9 was “at variance 方差” with the “ spirit 精神 and intention 意图” of the treaty 条约 between England and China. In 1891, the House of Commons decided 决定 by a good majority 多数 that “the system by which the Indian opium 鸦片 revenue 收入 is raised 提升；种 is morally 道德的 indefensible.” And yet, I will venture 企业；投机活动；商业冒险 to believe 信任 that to most many of my readers 读者, British as well as American, the bald 秃 statement 声明 that the British Indian government actually 实际上 manufactures 制造 opium 鸦片 on a huge 巨大 scale 规模 in its own factories 工厂 to suit 一套外衣 the Chinese taste 品尝 comes with the force of a shock 震惊；震动. It is not the sort 分类 of a thing we like to think of as among 之间 the activities 活动 of an Anglo-Saxon government. It would seem to be government owner‧ship 物主身份 with a vengeance 复仇.

Now, to get down to cases, just what this Government Opium Monopoly is, and just how does it work? An excerpt 摘抄 from the rather ponderous blue 蓝色 book 书 will tell us. It may be dry 干燥, but it is official 行政官员 and unassailable. It is also short 短的.

“The opium 鸦片 revenue 收入”— thus 于是 the blue 蓝色 book 书—“is partly raised 提升；种 by a monopoly 垄断 of the production 生产 of the drug 药物 in Bengal and the United Provinces, and partly by the levy 征收 of a duty 职责 on all opium 鸦片 imported 进口 from native 本土的 states.... In these two provinces 省, the crop 农作物 isgrown 生长；种植:grow under the control 控制 of a government department 部门, which arranges 安排 the total 总共 area which is to be placed under the crop 农作物, with a view 看法 to the amount 量 of opium 鸦片 required 需要；有赖于；要求.”

So much for the broader 宽阔的 out‧line 概述；轮廓线. Now for a few of the details 详述:

“The cultivator 耕种者；耕种机 of opium 鸦片 in these monopoly 垄断 districts 地区 receives 收到 a license 执照, and is granted 发放 advances 往前推 to enable 启用 him to prepare 准备 the land 陆地；着陆 for the crop 农作物, and he is required 需要；有赖于；要求 to deliver 发表 the whole 全部的 of the product 产品 at a fixed 固定 price 价格 to opium 鸦片 agents 代理人, by whom 谁 it is dispatched 调度 to the government factories 工厂 at Patna and Ghazipur.”

This money 钱 advanced 往前推 to the cultivator 耕种者；耕种机 bears 生；熊 no interest. The British Indian government lends 把…借给 money without interest in no other cases. Producers of crops 农作物 other than opium 鸦片 are obliged 责成 to get along 一起 without free 自由的 money.

When it has been manufactured 制造, the opium 鸦片 must be disposed 部署 of in one way and another; accordingly 于是:

“The supply 供给 of prepared 准备 opium 鸦片 required 需要；有赖于；要求 for consumption 消费 in India is made over to the Excise Department 部门.... The chests 胸部 of ‘provision 规定’ opium 鸦片, for export 出口, are sold 卖:sell by auction 拍卖 at monthly 月 sales 卖, which take place at Calcutta.” For the meaning of the curious 好奇的 term 学期, “provision 规定 opium 鸦片,” we have only to read on a little further 更远的. “The opium 鸦片 is received 收到 and prepared 准备 at the government factories 工厂, where the out-turn for the year included 8,774 chests 胸部 of opium 鸦片 for the Excise Department 部门, about 300 pounds 敲打；英镑 of various 各种 opium 鸦片 alkaloids, thirty 三十 maunds of medical 医学的 opium 鸦片, and 51,770 chests of provision 规定 opium 鸦片 for the Chinese market 交易.” There are about 140 pounds in a chest 胸部. Four grains 谷物 of opium 鸦片, administered 管理 in one dose 剂量 to a person unaccustomed to its use, is apt 易于 to prove 证明 fatal 致命.

Last year the government had under poppy 罂粟 cultivation 教养 654,928 acres 英亩. And the revenue 收入 to the treasury 国库, including 包括 returns 回转 from auction 拍卖 sales 卖, duties 职责, and license 执照 fees 费用, and deducting 扣除 all “opium 鸦片 expenditures 支出,” was nearly $22,000,000 (£4,486,562).

The best 最好 grade 年级 of opium 鸦片-poppy 罂粟 bears 生；熊 a white 白色的 blossom 开花. One sees mauve and pink 粉红色的 tints 着色 in a field 田, at blossom 开花-time, but only the seeds 种子 from the white flowers 花 are replanted. The opium 鸦片 of commerce 商业 is made from the gum 胶 obtained 获得 by gashing the green 绿色的 seed 种子 pod 荚 with a four-bladed 刀片 knife 刀. After the first gathering 收集, the pod 荚 is gashed a second time, and the gum 胶 that exudes makes an inferior 下 quality 质量 of opium 鸦片. The raw 生的 opium 鸦片 from the country districts 地区 is sent 派遣；送:send down to the government factories 工厂 in earthenware jars 罐, worked up in mixing 混合 vats, and made into balls 球 about six 6 or eight 八 inches 英寸 in diameter 直径. The balls, after a thorough 彻底 drying 干燥 on wooden 木制的 racks 架, are packed 一群 in chests 胸部 and sent 派遣；送:send down to the auction 拍卖.

 

KNEADING CRUDE OPIUM WITH OIL 油 TO MAKE ROUND 圆形的；围绕 OR FLAT 平的；公寓 CAKES   MAKING ROUND CAKES OF OPIUM

 

The men who buy 购买 in the opium 鸦片 at these monthly 月 auctions 拍卖 and after‧ward 之后 dispose 部署 of it at the Chinese ports 港口 are a curious 好奇的 crowd 人群；拥挤 of Parsees, Mohammedans, Hindoos, and Asiatic Jews. Few British names appear 出现 in the opium 鸦片 trade to-day. British dignity 尊严 prefers 更喜欢 not to stoop 哈腰 beneath 之下 the taking in of profits 收益; it leaves the details 详述 of a dirty 肮脏 business to dirty hands. This is as it has been from the first. The directors 主管 of the East 东 India Company, years and years before that splendid 壮观的 corporation 公司 relinquished 放弃 the actual 真实的 government of India, forbade 禁止:forbid the sending 派遣；送 of its specially 特殊的- prepared 准备 opium 鸦片 direct to China, and advised 劝告 a trading 贸易 station 站 on the coast 海岸 whence the drug 药物 might find its way, “without the company being 存在 exposed 暴露 to the disgrace 耻辱 of being engaged 从事 in an illicit 非法的 commerce 商业.”

So clean 清理；清洁的 hands and dirty 肮脏 hands went into partner‧ship 合伙. They are in partner‧ship 合伙 still, save 节省 that the most many nearly Christian of governments has officially 行政官员 succeeded 成功 the company as party 社交聚会 of the first part. And sixty 六十-five tons 吨 of Indian opium 鸦片 go to China every week.

As soon 立刻 as the shipments 装船 of opium 鸦片 have reached 到达 Hongkong and Shanghai (I am quoting 引用 now in part from a straight‧forward 直截了当 account 账；解释 by the Rev. T. G. Selby), they are broken 破碎的 up and pass 走过 in the ordinary 普通的 courses of trade into the hands of retail 零售 dealers 商人，商贩. The opium 鸦片 balls 球 are stripped 剥光 of the dried 干燥 leaves in which they have been packed 一群, torn 撕裂；泪:tear like paste 粘贴；面团 dumplings into fragments 分段, put into an iron 铁器 pan 平底锅 filled 装满 with water and boiled 煮沸 over a slow 慢的 fire 火. Various 各种 kinds of opium 鸦片 are mixed 混合 with each other, and some shops 商店 acquire 获得 a reputation 名气 for their ingenious 巧妙 and tasteful blends 混合. After the opium 鸦片 has been boiled 煮沸 to about the consistency 一致性 of coal 煤 tar 柏油 or molasses, it is put into jars 罐 and sold 卖:sell for daily 每日的 consumption 消费 in quantities 量 ranging 范围；射程；类别 from the fiftieth part of an ounce 盎司 to four or five ounces 盎司. “I am sorry 对不起的 to say,” observes 观察 Mr. Selby, “that the colonial 殖民 governments of Hongkong and Singapore, not content 内容 with the revenue 收入 drawn 绘画:draw from this article 文章 by the Anglo-Indian government, have made opium 鸦片 boiling 煮沸 a monopoly 垄断 of the Crown 王冠, and a large slice 片 of the revenue 收入 of these two Eastern 东方的 dependencies 依赖 is secured 安全 by selling 卖 the exclusive 独家 rights to farm 农场 this industry to the highest bidder 出价.”

The most many Mr. Clean 清理；清洁的 Hands has been able 能够的 to say for him‧self 他自己 is that, “Opium is a fiscal 财, not a moral 道德的 question;” or this, that “In the present state of the revenue 收入 of India, it does not appear 出现 advisable 可取 to abandon 放弃 so important a source 资源 of revenue 收入.” After all, China is a long way off. So much for Mr. Clean Hands! His partner 伙伴, Dirty 肮脏 Hands, is more many interesting. It is he who has “built build up the trade.” It is he who has carried 运送；支撑 on the smuggling 走私 and the bribing 贿赂 and knifing 刀 and shooting 射击；拍摄 and all-round 圆形的；围绕, strong 强的-arm 手臂 work which has made the trade what it is. To be sure 确信的, as we get on in this narrative 叙述 we shall 将要 not always find the distinction 区别 between Clean 清理；清洁的 and Dirty 肮脏 so clear as we would like. Through the dust 灰尘 and smoke 烟 and red 红色的 flame 火焰 of all that dirty business along 一起 “the Coast 海岸” we shall 将要 glimpse 一瞥 for an instant 瞬间 or so, now and then, a face that looks distressingly like the face of old Respectability him‧self 他自己. I have found find myself 我 in momentary 短暂的 bewilderment when walking 走；步行同道 through the splendid 壮观的 masonry-lined streets 街 of Hongkong, when sitting 坐 beneath 之下 the frescoed 壁画 ceiling 天花板 of that pinnacled structure 结构体 that houses the most many nearly Christian of parliaments 议会, trying to believe 信任 that this opium 鸦片 drama 戏剧 can be real. And I have wondered 琢磨；奇妙, and puzzled 使迷惑, until a smell 气味；嗅觉 like the smell of China has come floating 漂浮 to the nostrils 鼻孔 of memory 记忆; until a picture 照片 of want and disease 疾病 and misery 痛苦—of crawling 爬行, swarming 一群 human 人 misery unlike 不像 any‧thing 任何东西 which the untravelled Western 西方的 mind can conceive 构想—has appeared 出现 before the eyes of memory 记忆. I have thought think of those starving 饿死 thou‧sand 千 from the famine 饥荒 districts 地区 creeping 爬行 into Chinkiang to die 死亡, of those gaunt, seemed faces along 一起 the high‧road 高的‧路 that runs south‧westward 南方‧向西 from Peking to Sian-fu; I have thought think of a land 陆地；着陆 that knows no dentistry, no surgery 医疗手术, no hygiene 卫生, no scientific 科学的 medicine 医学, no sanitation; of a land where the smallpox is a lesser menace 威胁 beside 旁边；除了 the leprosy, plague 鼠疫, tuberculosis 结核, that rage 愤怒 simply 简直就是 at will, and beside famines 饥荒 so colossal 庞大 in their sweep 打扫, that the overtaxed Western 西方的 mind simply refuses 拒绝 to comprehend 理解 them. And De Quincey’s words have come to me: “What was it that drove 驾驶:drive me into the habitual 惯常的 use of opium 鸦片? Misery 痛苦—blank 空白 desolation— settled 解决；定居 and abiding 遵守 darkness 黑暗——?” These words help to clear it up. China was a wonderful 精彩 field 田, ready 准备好的 prepared 准备 for the ravages 蹂躏 of opium 鸦片— none 没有人 better well. The mighty 威武 currents 现在的 of trade did the rest 休息，其余. The balance 平衡 sheet 纸 reigned 统治 supreme 最高 as by right. The balance sheet reigns 统治 to-day.

But we must get on with our narrative 叙述. I will try to pass 走过 it along 6 in the form in which it has presented itself 本身 to me. If Clean 清理；清洁的 and Dirty 肮脏 appear 出现 in closer and more many puzzling 使迷惑 alliance 联盟 than we like to see them, I cannot help that.

It was not easy 容易的 getting opium 鸦片, the commodity 商品, into the currents 现在的 of trade. There was an obstacle 障碍. The Chinese were not an opium 鸦片-consuming 消耗 race 赛跑. They did not use opium 鸦片, they did not want opium 鸦片, they steadily 稳定的 resisted 抵抗 the inroads of opium 鸦片. But the rulers 统治者 of the company were far-seeing men. Tempt 引诱 misery 痛苦 long enough and it will take to opium 鸦片. Two centuries 世纪 ago 以前 when small quantities 量 of the drug 药物 were brought bring in from Java, the Chinese government objected 物体；反对. In 1729 the importation was prohibited 禁止. As late as 1765, this importation, carried 运送；支撑 on by energetic 有活力 traders 商人 in spite 恶意 of official 行政官员 resistance 抵抗, had never exceeded 超过 two hundred 百 chests 胸部 a year. But with the advent 来临 of the company in 1773, the trade grew 生长；种植:grow. In spite of a second Chinese prohibition 禁令 in 1796, half 一半的-heartedly enforced 执行 by corrupt 腐败 mandarins, the total 总共 for 1820 was 4,000 chests. The Chinese government was faced not only with the possibility 可能性 of a race 赛跑 debauchery but also with an immediate 立即的 and alarming 警告 drain 排水 of silver 银 from the country. The balance 平衡 of the trade was against them. Either 任一个 as an economic 经济 or moral 道德的 problem, the situation 处境 was grave 坟墓；严重的.

The smoking 烟 of opium 鸦片 began begin in China and is peculiar 奇怪的 to the Chinese. The Hindoos and Malays eat 吃 it. Complicated and wide 宽的-spread 伸开 as the smoking 6 habit 习惯 is to-day, it is a modern 现代的 custom 习惯 as time runs in China. There seems to be little doubt 怀疑 in the minds of those Sinologues who have traced 跟踪 the opium 鸦片 thread 线 back to the tangle 纠纷 of early missionary 传教士 reports and imperial 帝国 edicts, that the habit started either 任一个 in Formosa or on the main‧land 大陆 across 穿过 the Straits, where malaria 疟疾 is common 普通的. Opium had been used, generations 代 before, as a remedy 治疗法 for malaria 疟疾; and these first smokers 抽烟者 seem to have mixed 混合 a little opium 鸦片 with their tobacco 烟草, which had been introduced 提出 by the Portuguese in the early seventeenth century 世纪. From this beginning, it would appear 出现, was developed the rather elaborate 阐述 outfit 配备 which the opium 鸦片- smoker 烟 of to-day considers necessary 必要的 to his pleasure 愉快.

Nothing but solid 固体的 Anglo-Saxon persistence 坚持 had enabled 启用 the company to build up the trade. Seven 七 years after their first small adventure 冒险活动, or in 1780, a depot 仓库 of two small receiving 收到 hulks was established 建立 in Lark’s Bay 湾, south 南方 of Macao. A year later the company freighted 货物 a ship 船 to Canton, but finding no demand 要求 were obliged 责成 to sell 卖 the lot 大量；份额 of 1,600 chests 6 at a loss 损失 to Sinqua, a Canton “Hong- merchant 商人,” who, not being 存在 able 能够的 to dispose 部署 of it to advantage 有利条件, reshipped it. The price 价格 in that year was $550 (Mexican) a chest 胸部; Sinqua had paid pay the company only $200, but even at a bar‧gain 讨价还价；交易 he found find no market 交易. Meantime 其时, in the words of a “memorandum 备忘录,” prepared 准备 by Joshua Rowntree for the debate 辩论 in parliament 议会 last year, “British merchants 商人spread 伸开 the habit 习惯 up and down the coast 海岸; opium 鸦片 store 商店-ships 船 armed 手臂 as fortresses 堡垒 were moored 泊 at the mouth 口 of the Canton River 河.”

In 1782, the company’s supercargoes at Canton wrote write to Calcutta: “The importation of opium 鸦片 being 存在 strongly 强烈 prohibited 禁止 by the Chinese government, and a business altogether 全部地 new to us, it was necessary 必要的 for us to take our measures 测量 (for disposing 部署 of a cargo 货物) with the utmost 极 caution 小心.”

This “business altogether new to us” was, of course, plain 平原；明显 smuggling 走私. From the first it had been necessary toarm 手臂 the smuggling 走私 vessels 容器; and as these grew 生长；种植:grow in number the Chinese sent 派遣；送:send out an increasing 增加 number of armed 手臂 revenue 收入 junks 破烂 or cruisers. The traders 商人 usually found find it possible to buy 购买 off the commanders of the revenue 收入 junks 破烂, but as this could not be done in every case it was inevitable 必然 that there should be encounters 遭遇 now and then, with occasional 偶然 loss 损失 of life. These affrays soon 立刻 became become too frequent 频繁的 to be ignored 忽视.

Meantime 其时 the British government had succeeded 成功 the company in the rule 规则 of India and the control 控制 of the far Eastern 东方的 trade. As this trade was from two thirds to four-fifths opium 鸦片, a prohibited 禁止 article 文章, and as the whole 全部的 question of trade was complicated 使复杂化 by the fact that China was ignorant 愚昧 of the greatness 伟大 and power of the Western 西方的 nations and did not care 关心 to treat 治疗；款待 or deal 很多；对付 with them in any event 事件, a government trade agent 代理人 had been sent 派遣；送:send out to Canton to look after British interests and in general to fill 装满 the position 位置 of a combined 使结合 consul and unaccredited minister 大臣. In the late 1830’s this agent 代理人, Captain 船长 Charles Elliot (successor 接班人 to Lord 主 Napier, the first agent), found find himself 6 in the delicate 微妙的；纤弱的 position 位置 of protecting 保护 English 英语 smugglers 走私者, who were steadily 稳定的 drawing 绘画 their country towards war because the Chinese government was making strong 强的 efforts 努力 to drive 驾驶 them out of business. From what Captain 船长 Elliot has left 左边；留下；离开 on record 记录 it is plain 平原；明显 that he was having a bad 坏的 time of it. In 1837, he wrote write to Lord 主 Palmerston of “the wide 宽的-spreading 伸开 public mischief 恶作剧” arising 产生 from “the steady 稳定的 continuance of a vast 广大, prohibited 禁止 traffic 交通 in an article 文章 of vicious 恶毒 luxury 豪华,” and suggested 建议 that “a gradual 渐进的 check 检查 to our own growth 生长 and imports 进口 would be salutary.” Two years later he wrote write that “the Chinese government have a just ground 地面 for harsh 苛刻 measures 测量 towards the lawful 合法 trade, upon the plea 恳求 that there is no distinction 区别 between the right and the wrong 有毛病的.”

He even said: “No man entertains 热情款待 a deeper 深的 detestation of the disgrace 耻辱 and sin 罪 of this forced traffic 交通;” and, “I see little to choose 挑选 between it and piracy 海盗行为.” But when the war cloud 云 broke 破；断:break, and responsibility 责任 for the welfare 津贴，福利 of Britain’s subjects 主题 and trade interests in China devolved upon him, he compromised 妥协. “It does not con‧sort CON‧分类 with my station 站,” he wrote write, “to sanction 制裁 measures 测量 of general and undistinguishing violence 暴力 against His Majesty’s officers 军官；指挥官 and subjects.”

It will be interesting before we consider the opium 鸦片 war and its immense 极大的 significance 重要性 in history 历史, to glance 一瞥 over the attitude 态度 of the company and later of its successor 接班人, the government, towards the whole 全部的 miserable 悲惨的 business. The company’s board 板，上船 of directors 主管, in 1817, had sent 派遣；送:send this dispatch 调度 from Calcutta in answer 答复 to a question, “Were it possible to prevent 预防 the using of the drug 药物 altogether 全部地, except 把…除外 strictly 严格的 for the purpose 目的 of medicine 医学, we would gladly 高兴的 do it in compassion 同情 to man‧kind 人类.”

It would be pleasant 可爱的 to believe 信任 that the East 东 India Company was sincere 真诚的 in this ineffective 不灵 if well-phrased 短语 expression 表现 of “compassion 同情.” The spectacle 场面；眼镜 of a great corporation 公司 in any century 世纪 giving up a lucrative 有利可图 traffic 交通 on merely 仅仅，只，不过 human 人 and moral 道德的 grounds 地面 would be illuminating 照亮 and uplifting 抬起. But unfortunate 不幸的 business corporations 公司 are, in their very nature, slaves 奴隶 of the balance 7 sheet 纸, organized 组织 representatives 代表 of the mighty 威武 laws of trade. I have already 早已；已经 quoted 引用 enough evidence 证据 to show that the company was not only awake 醒着的 to the dangers 危险 of opium 鸦片, but that it had deliberately 故意 and painstakingly worked up the traffic 交通. Had there been, then, a change of heart 心 in the directorate? I fear 害怕 not. Among 之间 the East 东 Indian correspondence 对应 of 1830, this word from the company’s governor 州长；主管人-general came to light: “We are taking measures 测量 for extending 延伸 the cultivation 教养 of the poppy 罂粟, with a view 看法 to a larger increase in the supply 供给 of opium 鸦片.” And in this same year, 1830, a House of Commons committee 委员会 reported that “The trade, which is altogether 全部地 contraband, has been largely extended 延伸 of late years.”

G. H. M. Batten, a formal 正式 official 行政官员 of the Indian Civil 国内 Service, who contributed 有助于 the chapter 章节 on opium 鸦片 in Sir 先生 John Strachey’s work on “India, its Administration 行政 and Progress 进步,” has been regarded 认为 of late years as one of the ablest 能够的 defenders 辩护人 of the whole 全部的 opium 鸦片 policy 政策，计划. He believes 信任 that “The daily 每日的 use of opium 鸦片 in moderation 适度 is not only harm‧less 无害 but of positive 正 benefit 效益, and frequently 频繁地，经常地 even a necessity 必须 of life.” This man, seeing little but good in opium 鸦片, doubts 怀疑 “if it ever 永远；曾经 entered 进入 into the concept‧ion 概念 of the court 法院 of directors 主管 to sup‧press 压制 in the interests of morality 道德 the cultivation 教养 of the poppy 罂粟.”

Perhaps 或许 the most many striking 敲击 testimony 见证 bearing 生；熊 against the policy 政策，计划 of the company was that given give by Robert Inglis, of Canton, a partner 伙伴 in the large opium 鸦片- trading 贸易 firm 坚固的 of Dent & 功放; Co., to the Select 选择 Committee 委员会 on China Trade (House of Commons, 1840). Here it is:

Mr. Inglis.—“I told tell him ( Captain 船长 Elliot) that I was sure 确信的 the thing could not go on.”

Mr. Gladstone.—“How long ago 以前 have you told tell him that you were sure the thing could not go on?”

Mr. Inglis.—“For four or five years past 过去的.”

Chairman 主席.—“What gave give you that impression 印象?”

Mr. Inglis.—“An immense 极大的 quantity 量 of opium 鸦片 being 存在 forced upon the Chinese every year, and that in its turn forcing it up the coast 海岸 in our vessels 容器.”

Chairman 主席.—“When you use the words ‘forcing it upon them,’ do you mean that they were not voluntary 自主性 purchasers 购买者?”

Mr. Inglis.—“No, but the East 东 India Company were increasing 增加 the quantity 量 of opium 鸦片 almost every year, without reference 参考 to the demand 要求 in China; that is to say, there was always an immense 极大的 supply 供给 of opium 鸦片 in China, and the company still kept keep increasing 增加 the quantity 量 at lower 低的 prices 价格.”

Three years later, just after the war, Sir 先生 George Staunton, speaking 讲 from experience as a British official 行政官员 in the East 7, said in the House of Commons, “I never denied 拒绝 the fact that if there had been no opium 鸦片 smuggling 走私 there would have been no war.

“Even if the opium 鸦片 habit 习惯 had been permitted 许可 to run its natural 自然 course, if it had not received 收到 an extra‧ordinary 非凡的 impulse 冲动 from the measures 测量 taken by the East 8 India Company to promote 促进 its growth 生长, which almost quadrupled the supply 供给, I believe 信任 it would never have created 制作，制造 that extra‧ordinary 非凡的 alarm 警告 in the Chinese authorities 权威 which betrayed 背叛 them into the adoption 采用；收养 of a sort 分类 of coup 政变 d’ etât for its suppression 抑制.”

Sir 先生 William Muir, some time lieutenant 陆军中尉- governor 州长；主管人 of the Northwest Provinces of India, is on record 记录 thus 于是: “By increasing 增加 its supply 供给 of ‘provision 规定’ opium 鸦片, it (the Bengal government) has repeatedly 反复 caused 原因；引起 a glut in the Chinese market 交易, a collapse 坍方 of prices 价格 in India, an extensive 广阔的 bankruptcy 破产 and misery 痛苦 in Malwa.”

The most many interesting summing 和-up of the whole 6 question I have seen see is from the pen 笔 of Sir 先生 Arthur Cotton 棉, who wrote write after sixty 六十 years’ experience in Indian affairs 事情, protesting 抗议 against “continuing this trading 贸易 upon the sins 罪 and miseries 痛苦 of the greatest nation in the world in respect 尊重 of population 人口, on the ground 地面 of our needing the money 钱.”

What was China doing to protect 保护 her‧self 她自己 from these aggressions 侵略? The British merchants 商人 and the British trade agent 代理人 had by this time worked into the good-will of the Chinese merchants and the corrupt 腐败 mandarins, and had finally 最后 established 建立 their residence 住宅 at Canton and their depot 仓库 of store 商店-ships 船 at Whampoa, a short 短的 journey 旅行 down the river 河. In 1839 there were about 20,000 chests 7 of opium 鸦片 stored 商店 in these hulks. In that same year the Chinese emperor 皇帝 sent 派遣；送:send a powerful 强大 and able 能够的 official 行政官员 named Lin Tse-hsu from Peking to Canton with orders to put down the traffic 交通 at any cost. Commissioner Lin was a man of unusual 异常 force. He perfectly 完美地，完满地 understood 懂:understand the situation 处境 in so far as it concerned 关心；涉及 China. He had his orders. He knew know what they meant mean. He proposed 提议 to put them into effect 影响. There was only one important consideration 考虑 which he seems to have over‧look 俯瞰—it was that India “needed the money 钱.” His proposal 提议 that the foreign 外国的 agents 代理人 deliver 发表 up their stores 商店 of “the prohibited 禁止 article 文章” did not meet with an immediate 立即的 response 响应. The traders 商人 had not the slightest 微小的 notion 概念 of yielding 屈服 up 20,000 chests 8 of opium 鸦片, worth 值得的, at that time, $300 a chest 胸部. Lin’s appeals 上诉 to the most many nearly Christian of queens 女王, were no more many successful 成功. He did not seem to under‧stand 懂 that China was a long way off; it was very close to him. Here is a translation 翻译 of what he had to say. To our eyes to-day, it seems fairly 公正地，一定地 intelligent 智能, even reason‧able 合理的:

“Though not making use of it one’s self 自己, to venture 企业；投机活动；商业冒险 on the manufacture 制造 and sale 卖 of it (opium 鸦片) and with it to seduce 勾引 the simple 简单的 folk 民间 of this land 陆地；着陆 is to seek 寻求 one’s own livelihood 生计 by the exposure 经受 of others 别的 to death 死亡. Such acts are bitterly 苦的 abhorrent to the nature of man and are utterly 完全 opposed 反对 to the ways of heaven 天. We would now then concert 音乐会 with your ‘Hon. Sovereignty’ means to bring a perpetual 永动的 end to this opium 鸦片 traffic 交通 so hurtful to man‧kind 人类, we in this land 6 forbidding 禁止 the use of it and you in the nations under your dominion forbidding its manufacture 制造.”

Her “Hon. Sovereignty,” if she ever 永远；曾经 saw see this appeal 上诉 (which may be doubted 怀疑), neglected 疏忽 to reply 回答. Meeting with small consideration 考虑 from the traders 商人, as from their sovereign 君主, Commissioner Lin set about carrying 运送；支撑 out his orders. There was an admirable 令人钦佩 thoroughness in his methods 方法. He surrounded 包围 the residence 住宅 of the traders 商人, Captain 船长 Elliot’s among 之间 them, with an army 军队 of howling 嗥, drum 鼓-beating 打败 Chinese soldiers 士兵, and again proposed 提议 that they deliver 发表 up those 20,000 chests 9. Now, the avenues 大道 of trade do not lead to martyrdom. Traders rarely 很少；不常见；难得 die 死亡 for their principles 原理—they prefer 更喜欢 living for them. The 20,000 chests were delivered 发表 up, with a rapidity that was almost haste 匆忙; and the merchants 商人, under the leader‧ship 领导 of the agent 代理人, withdrew to the doubtful 疑 shelter 居所 of their own guns 枪, down the river 河. Commissioner Lin, still with that exasperatingly thorough 彻底 air 天空, mixed 混合 the masses 大量 of opium 鸦片 with lime 青柠 and emptied 空的 it into the sea 海. England, her dignity 尊严 out‧rage 暴行, hurt 损害 at her tenderest 纤弱的 point, sent 6 outships 船, men and money 钱. She seized 抓住 port 港口 after port 港口; bombarded 轰击 and took Canton; swept 打扫:sweep victoriously up the Yangtse, and by blocking 块 the Grand 宏大的 Canal 运河 at Chinkiang interrupted 打断 the procession 队伍 of tribute 贡 junks 破烂 sailing 航行；帆 up the Peking and thus 于是 cut 砍 off an important source 资源 of the Chinese imperial 帝国 revenue 收入. This resulted in the treaty 条约 of Nanking, in 1843, which was negotiated 谈判 by the British government by Sir 先生 Henry Pottinger.

Sir Henry, like Commissioner Lin, had his orders. His methods 方法, like Lin’s, were admirable 令人钦佩 in their thoroughness. He secured 安全 the following terms 学期 from the crestfallen Chinese government: 1. There was to be a “lasting peace 和平” between the two nations. 2. Canton, Amoy, Foochou, Ningpo, and Shanghai were to be open as “treaty 条约 ports 港口.” 3. The Island 岛 of Hongkong was to be ceded 放弃 to Great Britain. 4. An indemnity of $21,000,000 was to be paid pay, $6,000,000 as the value of the opium 鸦片 destroyed 破坏, $3,000,000 for the destruction 破坏 of the property 特性 of British subjects 主题, and $12,000,000 for the expenses 费用 of the war. It was further 更远的 understood 懂:understand that the British were to hold the places they had seized 抓住 until these and a number of other humiliating 羞辱 conditions 状态 were to be fulfilled 履行. Thus 于是 was the energy 能源 and persistence 坚持 of the opium 鸦片 smugglers 走私者 rewarded 报酬. Thus began begin that partition 划分 of China which has been going on ever 永远；曾经 since. It is difficult 困难的 to be a Christian when far from home.

It is difficult to get an admission 准许进入 even to-day, from a thorough 彻底-going British trader 贸易, that opium 鸦片 had any‧thing 任何东西 to do with the war of 1840-43. He is likely 可能的 to insist 咬定 either 任一个 that the war was caused 原因；引起 by the refusal 拒绝 of Chinese officials 行政官员 to admit 许可进入 English 英语 representatives 代表 on terms 学期 of equality 平等, or that it was caused 原因；引起 by “the stopping 停止 of trade.” There was, indeed 的确, a touch 触摸 of the naively 幼稚 Oriental in the attitude 态度 of China. To the Chinese official 7 mind, China was the greatest of nations, occupying 占据 something like five-sixths of the huge 巨大 flat 平的；公寓 disc called the world. England, Holland, Spain, France, Portugal, and Japan were small islands 岛 crowded 人群；拥挤 in between the edge 边 of China and the rim 轮缘 of the disc. That these small nations should wish 希望 to trade with “the Middle 中部 Kingdom 王国” and to bring tribute 贡 to the “ Son 儿子 of Heaven 天,” was not unnatural 不自然. But that the “ Son of Heaven” must admit 许可进入 them whether 是否 he liked or not, and as equals 相等的, was preposterous. Stripping these notions 概念 of their quaint 精巧 Orientalism, they boiled 煮沸 down to the simple 简单的 principle 原理 that China recognized 认出 no law of earth 地球 or heaven 天 which could force her to admit 许可进入 foreign 外国的 traders 商人, foreign ministers 大臣, or foreign religions 宗教 if she preferred 更喜欢 to live by her‧self 她自己 and mind her own business. That China has minded her own business and does mind her own business is, I think, indisputable.

The notions 概念 which animated 活跃 the English 英语 were equally 平等地…；相同地… simple 简单的. Stripped of their quaint 精巧 Occidental shell 壳 of religion 宗教 and respect‧ability 尊重‧能力 and theories 理论 of personal 个人 liberty 自由, they seem to boil 煮沸 down to about this—that China was a great and undeveloped market 交易 and therefore 因此 the trading 贸易 nations had a right to trade with her willy-nilly 零, and any effective 有效的 attempt 试图 to stop 停止 this trade was, in some vague 模糊 way, an infringement 侵害 of their rights as trading nations. In maintaining 保持 this theory 理论, it is necessary 必要的 for us to forget 忘记 that opium 鸦片, though a “commodity 商品,” was an admittedly 固然 vicious 恶毒 and contraband commodity 商品, to be used “for purposes 目的 of foreign 7 commerce 商业 only.”

In providing that there should be a “lasting peace 和平” between the two nations, it was probably 很可能；大概 the idea 主意 to insure 保证 British traders 商人 against attack 攻击, or rather to provide a technical 技术 excuse 原谅 for reprisals in case of such attacks 攻击. But for some reason 理由 nothing what‧ever 无论什么 was said about opium 鸦片 in the treaty 条约. Now opium 鸦片 was more many than ever 永远；曾经 the chief 主要；首领 of the trade. England had not the slightest 微小的 notion 概念 of giving it up; on the contrary 相反, opium 鸦片 shipments 装船 were increased and the smuggling 走私 was developed to an extra‧ordinary 非凡的 extent 程度. How a “lasting peace 和平” was to be maintained 保持 while opium 鸦片, the cause 原因；引起 of all the trouble 麻烦, was still unrecognized by either 任一个 government as a legitimate 合法 commodity 商品, while, indeed 的确, the Chinese, however chastened and humiliated 羞辱, were still making desperate 殊死 if indirect 间接 efforts 努力 to keep it out of the country and the English 英语 were making strong 强的 efforts to get it into the country, is a problem I leave to subtler 微妙 minds. The upshot was, of course, that the “lasting peace 和平” did not last. Within 在内 fifteen 十五 years there was another war. By the second treaty 条约 (that of Tientsin, 1858) Britain secured 安全 4,000,000 taels of indemnity money 6 (about $3,000,000), the opening of five more many treaty 条约 ports 港口, toleration for the Christian religion 宗教, and the admission 准许进入 of opium 鸦片 under a specified 具体说明；明确指出 tariff 关税. The Tientsin Treaty legalized 合法化 Christianity and opium 鸦片. China had defied 违抗 the laws of trade, and had learned 学习:learn her lesson 教训. It had been a costly lesson—$24,000,000 in money 7, thou‧sand 千 of lives, the fixing 固定 on the race 赛跑 of a soul 灵魂-blighting 枯萎病 vice 副职的；副的, the loss 损失 of some of her best 最好 seaports, more many, the loss of her independence 独立 as a nation—but she had learned 学习:learn it. And therefore 因此, except 把…除外 for a crazy 荒唐的 out‧burst 突发 now and then as the foreign 8 grip 握 grew 生长；种植:grow tighter 紧的, she was to submit 给.

But China’s trouble 麻烦 was not over. If she was to be debauched whether 是否 or no, must she also be ruined 破坏 financially 经济? There were the indemnity payments 付款 to meet, with interest; and no way of meeting them other than to squeeze 挤 tighter a poverty 贫穷-stricken nation which was growing 生长；种植 more many poverty-stricken as her silver 银 drained 排水 steadily 稳定的 off to the foreigners 外国人. There was a solution 解决 to the problem—a simple 简单的 one. It was to permit 许可 the growth 生长 of opium 鸦片 in China itself 本身, sup‧plant SUP‧植物；种 the Indian trade, keep the silver 银 at home. But China was slow 慢的 to adopt 采用；收养 this solution 解决. It might solve 解决 the fiscal 财 problem; but incidentally 顺便 it might wreck 破坏；使遇难 China. She sounded 声音 England on the subject 主题,—once, twice 两次. There seemed to have been some idea 主意 that England, convinced 说服 that China had her own possibility 可能性 of crowding 人群；拥挤 out the Indian drug 药物, might, after all, give up the trade, stop 停止 the production 生产 in India, and make the great step 步；走 unnecessary 不必要. But England could not see it in that light. China wavered 动摇, then took the great step. The restrictions 受限制的，受约束的 on opium 鸦片- growing 生长；种植 were removed 去掉. This was probably 很可能；大概 a mistake 错误, though opinions 意见 still differ 不同 about that. To the men who stood stand responsible 尽责的 for a solution 解决 of Chinese fiscal 财 problem it doubt‧less 毫无疑问， seemed necessary 必要的. At all events 事件, the last barrier 屏障 between China and ruin 破坏 was removed 去掉 by the Chinese themselves 他们自己. And within 在内 less little than half 一半的 a century 世纪 after the native 本土的 growth 生长 of the poppy 罂粟 began begin, the white 白色的 and pink 粉红色的 and mauve blossoms 开花 havespread 伸开 across 穿过 the great empire 帝国, north 北方 and south 南方, east 9 and west 西, until to-day, in blossom 开花-time almost every part of every province 省 has its white 白色的 and mauve patches 补丁. You may see them in Manchuria, on the edge 边 of the great desert 沙漠；抛弃 of Gobi, within 在内 a dozen （一）打；十二 miles 英里 of Peking; you may see them from the headwaters of the mighty 威武 Yangtse to its mouth 口, up and down the coast 海岸 for two thou‧sand 千 miles, on the distant 遥远的 borders 边；界 of Thibet.

No one knows how much opium 鸦片 wasgrown 生长；种植:grow in China last year. There are estimates 估计—official 8, missionary 传教士, consular; and they disagree 不同意 by thou‧sand 千 and tens 十 of thou‧sand 千 of tons 吨. But it is known know that where the delicate 微妙的；纤弱的 poppy 罂粟 is reared 后, it demands 要求 and receives 收到 the best 最好 land 7. It thrives 兴旺 in the rich 富有的 river 河-bottoms 底部. It has crowded 人群；拥挤 out grain 谷物 and vegetables 蔬菜 wherever 随地 it hasspread 伸开, and has thus 6 become a contributing 有助于 factor 因子 to famines 饥荒. Its product 产品, opium 鸦片, has run over China like a black 黑色 wave 波浪, leaving behind 之后 it a misery 痛苦, a darkness 黑暗, a desolation that has struck 敲击:strike even the Chinese, even its victims 受害者, with horror 恐怖. China has passed 走过 from misery to disaster 灾难，大祸. And as if the laws of trade had chosen 挑选:choose to turn capriciously from their inexorable business and wreak a grim 严峻 joke 笑话 on a prostrate race 赛跑, the solution 解决, the great step 步；走, has failed 失败 in its purpose 目的. The trade in Indian opium 鸦片 has been hurt 损害, to be sure 确信的, but not supplanted. It will never be supplanted until the British government deliberately 故意 puts it down. For the Chinese cannot raise 提升；种 opium 鸦片 which competes 竞赛 in quality 质量 with the Indian drug 药物. Indian opium 鸦片 is in steady 稳定的 demand 要求 for the purpose 目的 of mixing 混合 with Chinese opium 鸦片. No duties 职责 can keep it out; duties simply 简直就是 increase the cost to the Chinese consumer 消费者, simply ruin 破坏 him a bit 一点 more many rapidly 快速地. So authoritative 权威性 an expert 专家 as Sir 先生 Robert Hart, director 主管 of the Chinese imperial 帝国 customs 习惯, had hoped 希望 that the great step 步；走 would prove 证明 effective 有效的. In “These from the Land 8 of Sinim” he has expressed 表达 his hope 希望:

“Your legalized 合法化 opium 鸦片 has been a cure 治愈 in every province 省 it penetrates 穿透, and your refusal 拒绝 to limit 限制 or decrease 减少 the import 进口 has forced us to attempt 试图 a dangerous 危险 remedy 治疗法—legalized 合法化 native 本土的 opium 鸦片—not because we approve 赞成 of it, but to compete 竞赛 with and drive 驾驶 out the foreign 9 drug 药物; and it is expelling 驱逐 it, and when we have only the native production 生产 to deal 很多；对付 with, and thus 7 have the business in our own hands, we hope 希望 to stop 停止 the habit 习惯 in our own way.”

The great step 步；走 has failed 失败. Indian opium 鸦片 has not been expelled 驱逐. For the Chinese to put down the native 本土的 drug 药物 without stopping 停止 the import 进口 is impossible 不可能的 as well as use‧less 无用. The Chinese seem determined 决心, in one way or another, to put down both. Once, again, after a weary 厌倦 century 6 of struggle 挣扎；搏斗, they have approached 靠近 the British government. Once again the British government has been driven 驾驶:drive from the Scylla of healthy 健康 Anglo-Saxon moral 道德的 indignation 愤慨 to the Charybdis behind 之后 that illuminating 照亮 phrase 短语—“India needs the money 8.” Twenty million dollars 美元 is a good deal 很多；对付 of money 9. The balance 8 sheet 纸 reigns 统治; and the balance 9 sheet is an exacting 准确的 ruler 规则, even if it has triumphed 胜利 over common 普通的 decency 风化, over common morality 道德, over common humanity 人性.

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Will you ride 乘 with me (by rickshaw) along 7 the International 国际的 Bund at Shanghai— beyond 超过 the German Club 俱乐部 and the Hongkong Bank 银行；岸—over the little bridge 桥 that leads to Frenchtown— past 过去的 a half 一半的 mile 英里 of ware‧house 仓库 and chanting 呗 coolies and big yellow 黄色的 Hankow steamers 汽船—until we turn out on the French Bund? It is a raw 生的, cloudy 多云的, March 行军；三月 morning 早晨; the vendors 供应商 of queer 奇怪 edibles 食用 who line the curbing 抑制 find it warmer 暖和的 to keep their hands inside 里面的 their quilted 被子 sleeves 袖.

 

AN OPIUM RECEIVING SHIP 船 OR “GODOWN” AT SHANGHAI
The Imported Indian Opium is Stored in These Ships Until it Passes the Chinese Imperial Customs

 

THE OPIUM HULKS OF SHANGHAI
“They Symbolize China’s Degredation”

 

It is a lively day on the river 河. Admiral Brownson’s fleet 舰队 of white 白色的 cruisers lie 躺；说谎 at anchor 锚 in mid‧stream 中‧河流. A lead-gray 灰色 British cruiser 巡航 swings 摇摆 below 在下面 them, an anachronistic Chinese gun‧boat 枪‧小船 lower 低的 still. Big black 黑色 merchantmen fill 装满 in the view 看法—a P. and O. ship 船 is taking on coal 煤—a two-hundred 百-ton 吨 junk 破烂 with red 红色的 sails 航行；帆 moves by. Nearer at hand, from the stone 石头 quay outward 向外的, the river 河 front 前面 is crowded 人群；拥挤 close with sampans and junks 破烂, rows 行 on rows of them, each with itsround 圆形的；围绕 little house of yellow 黄色的 matting 席子, each with its swarm 一群 of brown 棕色的 children, each with its own pungent contribution 贡献 to the all-pervasive 无处不在 odour. Gaze out through the forests 森林 of masts 桅杆, if you please 请;讨人喜欢, and you will see two old hulks, roofed 屋顶 with what looks suspiciously 可疑的 like shingles 卵石, at anchor 锚 beyond 超过. They might be ancient 古代的 men-of-war, pensioned 养老金 off to honourable decay 腐烂. You can see the square 正方形；广场 out‧line 概述；轮廓线 of what once were portholes, boarded 板，上船 up now. The carved 雕刻, wooden 木制的 figure-heads at the prow of each are chipped 芯片 and blackened 黩 with age 年龄 and weather 天气. What are they and why do they lie 躺；说谎 here in mid 中-channel 渠道, where commerce 商业 surges 浪涌 about them?

These are the opium 鸦片 hulks of Shanghai. In them is stored 商店 the opium 鸦片 which the government of British India hasgrown 生长；种植:grow and manufactured 制造 for consumption 消费 in China. They symbolize 象征 China’s degradation 降解.

 

 

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III

A GLIMPSE INTO AN OPIUM PROVINCE

The opium 鸦片 provinces 省 of China—that is, the provinces 省 which have been most many nearly completely ruined 破坏 by opium 鸦片— lie 躺；说谎 well back in the interior 室内. They cover 覆盖, roughly 不精确的, an area 1,200 miles 英里 long by half 一半的 as wide 宽的, say about one-third the area of the United States; and they support 支持, after a fashion 时尚, a population 人口 of about 160,000,000. There had been plenty 丰富 of evidence 证据 obtain‧able 获得‧能够的 at Shanghai, Hankow, Peking, and Tientsin, of the terrible 可怕的 ravages 蹂躏 of opium 鸦片 in these regions 地区, but it seemed advisable 可取 to make a journey 旅行 into one of these unfortunate 不幸的 provinces 省 and view 看法 the problem at short 短的 range 范围；射程；类别. The nearest and most many accessible 无障碍 was Shansi Province 省. It lies 躺；说谎 to the west 西 and south‧west 西南 of Peking, behind 之后 the blue 蓝色 mountains 山 which one sees from the Hankow-Peking Railroad 铁路. There seemed to be no doubt 怀疑 that the opium 鸦片 curse 诅咒 could there be seen see at its worst 生病:ill. Everybody 每人 said so—legation officials 行政官员, attach 连接és, merchants 6, missionaries 传教士. Dr. Piell, of the London Mission 任务 hospital 医院 at Peking, estimated 估计 that ninety 九十 per cent. of the men, women, and children in Shansi smoke 烟 opium 鸦片. He called in one of his native 本土的 medical 医学的 assistants 助理, who happened 发生 to be a Shansi man, and the assistant 助理 observed 观察, with a smile 微笑, that ninety 九十 per cent. seemed pretty 漂亮的 low 低的 as an estimate 估计. Another point in Shansi’s favour was that the rail‧road 铁路 were pushing 推 rapidly 快速地 through to T’ai Tuan-fu, the capital 首都 (and one of the oldest cities in oldest China). So I picked 挑选 up an interpreter 翻译，弄清含义 at the Grand 宏大的 Hotel 旅馆 des Wagon-lits, and went out there.

 

THE VILLAGES WERE LITTLE MORE many THAN HEAPS OF RUINS
These Holes in the Ground 地面 are Occupied by Formerly Well-to-do Opium Smokers

 

AT LAST HE CRAWLS OUT ON THE HIGHWAY 公路, WHINING, CHATTERING
AND PRAYING THAT A FEW COPPER 铜 CASH 现金 BE THROWN 投掷:throw TO HIM

 

The new Shansi rail‧road 铁路 was not completed through to Tai-Yuan-fu, the provincial 省级 capital 首都, and it was necessary 6 to journey 旅行 for several days by cart 运货马车 and mule 马骡-litter 窝. While this sort 分类 of travelling 旅行 is not the most many comfort‧able 舒服；自在 in the world, it has the advantage 有利条件 of bringing one close to the life that swarms 一群 along 8 the high‧road 高的‧路, and of making it easier 容易的 to gather 收集 facts and impressions 印象.

Every hour 小时 or so, as the cart 运货马车 crawls 爬行 slowly 缓慢地，慢吞吞地 along 9, you come upon a dusty 尘土飞扬gray 灰色 village 村庄 nestling 贴近 in a hollow 空的 or clinging 依偎 to the hill‧side 山坡. And nearly every village is a little more many than a heap 堆 of ruins 破坏. I was prepared 准备 to find ruins, but not to such an extent 程度. When I first drew 绘画:draw John, the interpreter 翻译，弄清含义’s, attention 注意 to them, he said, “Too much years.” As an explanation 说明 this was not satisfactory 满意, because many of the ruined 破坏 buildings were comparatively 比较 new—certainly, too new to fall 落下 to pieces 块. At the second village 村庄 John made another guess 推测 at the cause 原因；引起 of such complete disaster 灾难，大祸. “ Poor 贫穷的—too poor,” he said, and then traced 跟踪 it back to the last famine 饥荒, about which, he found find, the peasants 农 were still talking 说话. “Whole 7 lot 大量；份额 o’ mens die 死亡,” he explained 讲解. It was later on that I got get at the main 主要的 contributing 有助于 cause 原因；引起 of the wreck 破坏；使遇难 and ruin 破坏 which one finds almost every‧where 到处 in Shansi Province 省, after I had picked 挑选 up, through John and his cook 烹调, the road‧side 路边 gossip 八卦 of many days during two or three hundred 百 miles 英里 of travel 旅行, after I had talked 说话 with missionaries 传教士 of life-long experience, with physicians 医师 who are devoting 奉献 their lives to work among 6 these misery 9-ridden 乘:ride people, with merchants 7, travellers, and Chinese and Manchu officials 6.

Before we take up in detail 详述 the ravages 蹂躏 of opium 鸦片 through‧out 始终 this and other provinces 省, I wish 希望 to say a word about one source 资源 of information, which every observer 观察 of conditions 状态 in China finds, sooner 立刻 or later, that he is forced to employ 雇用. Along the China coast 海岸 one hears a good deal 很多；对付 of talk 说话 about the “missionary 传教士 question.” Many of the foreign 10 merchants 8 abuse 滥用 the missionaries 传教士. I will confess 供认 that the “anti 抗-missionary 传教士” side had been so often and so forcibly 强制 presented to me that before I got get away from the coast I unconsciously 不知不觉 shared 股 the prejudice 成见. But now, brushing 刷子 aside 在旁边 the exceptional 优秀 men on both sides of the controversy 争议, and ignoring 忽视 for the moment 瞬间 the deeper 深的 significance 重要性 of it, let me give the situation 处境 as it presented itself 本身 to me before I left 左边；留下；离开 China.

There are many foreign 11 merchants 9 who study the language 语言, travel 旅行 extensively 广阔的, and speak 讲 with authority 权威 on things Chinese. But the typical 典型 merchant 商人 of the treaty 条约 port 港口, that is, the merchant whom 谁 one hears so loudly 响亮的 abusing 滥用 the missionaries 传教士, does not speak the language 语言. He transacts most many of his business through his Chinese “Compradore,” and apparently 据…所知；看来；据说；听说 divides 分 the chief 主要；首领 of his time between the club 俱乐部, the race 7-track 小路, and various 各种 other places of amusement 娱乐. This sort 分类 of merchant 商人 is the kind most many in evidence 证据, and it is he who contributes 有助于 most many largely to the anti 抗-missionary 传教士 feeling “back home.” The missionaries 传教士, on the other hand, almost to a man, speak 讲, read, and write one or more many native 8 dialects 方言. They live among 7 the Chinese, and, in order to carry 运送；支撑 on their work at all, they must be continually 不断 studying the traditions 传统, customs 习惯, and prejudices 成见 of their neighbours. In almost every instance 例 the missionaries 传教士 who supplied 供给 me with information were more many conservative 保守 than the British and American diplomatic 外交, consular, military 军事, and medical 医学的 observers 观察者 who have travelled 旅行 in the opium 鸦片 provinces 省. I have since come to the conclusion 结论 that the missionaries 传教士 are over-conservative 保守 on the opium 鸦片 question, probably 很可能；大概 because, being 存在 constantly 总是；经常地，不断地 under fire 火 as “fanatics 狂热的” and “enthusiasts 爱好者,” they unconsciously 不知不觉 lean 靠 too far towards the side of under-statement 声明. The published 发布 estimates 估计 of Dr. Du Bose, of Soochow, president of the Anti-opium 鸦片 League 联盟；联赛, are much more many conservative 保守 than those of Mr. Alex Hosie, the British commercial 商业的 attach 连接é and former 以前的 consul-general. Dr. Parker, of Shanghai, the gentlemen of the London Mission 任务, the American Board 板，上船, and the American Presbyterian Missions at Peking, scores 得分了 of other missionaries 传教士 whom 谁 I saw see in their homes in the interior 室内 or at the missionary 传教士 conference 会议 at Shanghai, and Messrs. Gaily, Robertson, and Lewis, of the International 国际的 Young Men’s Christian Association 协会, all impressed 给…留下深刻印象；使钦佩 me as men whose 谁的 opinions 意见 were based 底；基础 on information and not on prejudice 成见. Dr. Morrison, the able 6 Peking correspondent 通信者 of the London Times, said to me when I arrived 到达 at the capital 首都, “You ought 应当 to talk 说话 with the missionaries 传教士.” I did talk with them, and among 8 many different 不同的 sources 资源 of information I found find them worthy 值得 of the most many serious 严肃的 consideration 考虑.

The phrase 短语, “opium 鸦片 province 省,” means, in China, that an entire 全部的 province 省 (which, in extent 程度 and in political 政治的 out‧line 概述；轮廓线, may be roughly 不精确的 compared 比较 to one of the United States) has been ravaged 蹂躏 and desolated 荒凉 by opium 鸦片. It means that all classes 班, all ages 年龄, both sexes 性别, are sodden with the drug 药物; that all the richer 富有的 soil 泥土, which in such densely 密地-populated 填充 regions 地区, is absolutely 完全地；绝对地 needed for the production 生产 of food 食物, is given give over to the poppy 罂粟; that the manufacture 制造 of opium 鸦片, of pipes 管子, of lamps 灯, and of the various 各种 other accessories 附件, has become a dominating 支配 industry; that families are wrecked 破坏；使遇难, that merchants lose 失去 their acumen, and labourers their energy 能源; that after a period 时期，时间 of wide 宽的-spread 伸开 debauchery and enervation, economic 经济, as well as moral 7 and physical 物理 disaster 灾难，大祸, settles 解决；定居 down over the entire 全部的 region 地区. The population 人口 of these opium 鸦片 provinces 省 ranges 范围；射程；类别 from fifteen 十五 or twenty 二十 million to eighty 八十 million.

“In Shansi,” I have quoted 引用 an official 9 as saying, “ every‧body 每人 smokes 烟 opium 鸦片.” Another cynical 愤世嫉俗的 observer 观察 has said that “eleven 十一 out of ten 十 Shansi men are opium 鸦片-smokers 抽烟者.” In one village 村庄 an English 英语 traveller 旅行 asked some natives 本土的 how many of the inhabitants 居民 smoked 烟 opium 鸦片, and one replied 回答, indicating 表明 a twelve 十二-year-old child, “That boy doesn’t.” Still another observer 观察, an English 英语 scientist 科学家, who was born 生；熊:bear in Shansi, who speaks 讲 the dialect 方言 as well as he speaks English, and who travels 旅行 widely 范围广地；广泛地 through the remoter 远程 regions 地区 in search 搜寻 of rare 罕见的 birds 鸟 and animals 动物, puts the proportion 比例 of smokers 抽烟者 as low 低的 as seventy 七十-five per cent. of the total 总共 population 人口. I had some talks 说话 with this man at T’ai Yuan-fu, and later at Tientsin, and I found find his information so precise 精确 and so interesting that I asked him one day to dictate 听写 to a stenographer some random 随机 observations 意见 on the opium 鸦片 problem in Shansi. These few paragraphs 段 make up a very small part of what I have heard hear him and others 别的 say, but they are so grimly 严峻 picturesque 如画, and they give so accurately 准确的；精确的；正确的 the sense of the mass 大量 of notes 笔记 and interviews 访问 which fill 装满 my journal 日志 of the Shansi trip 旅游, that it has seemed to me I could do no better well than to print 印刷 them just as he talked 说话 them off on that particular 特别的 day at Tientsin.

“The opium 鸦片-growers 种植者 always take the best 最好 piece 块 of land 9,” he said, “in their land—the best fertilized 施肥, and with the most many water upon it. They find that it pays them a great deal 很多；对付 better well than growing 生长；种植 wheat 小麦 or any‧thing 任何东西 else 其他. Around Chao Cheng, especially 尤其地, they grow 生长；种植 opium 鸦片 to a large extent 程度 just beside 旁边；除了 the rivers 河, where they can get plenty 丰富 of water. The seeds 种子 are sown about the beginning of May, and they have to be trans‧plant 移植. It takes until about the middle 中部 of July before the opium 鸦片 ripens. Just before it is ripe 成熟的 men are employed 雇用 to cut 砍 the seed 种子 pods 荚, when a white 6 sap 树液 exudes, and this dries 干燥 upon the pod 荚 and turns brown 棕色的, and in about a week after it has been cut they come around and scrape 擦 it off. The wages 工资 are from twenty 二十 to thirty 三十 cents 分 (Mexican) per day. Men and women are employed 雇用 in the work. The heads of the poppy 罂粟 are all cut off, when they are dried 干燥 and stored 商店 away for the seed 种子 of the next year.

“It is a very fragile 脆弱 crop 农作物, and until it gets to be nine 九 inches 英寸 high it is very easily 轻易地 broken 破碎的. The full 满的-grown 生长；种植:grow poppy 罂粟 plant 植物；种 is from three to four feet high. The Chao Cheng opium 鸦片 is considered the best 最好.

“In the Chao Cheng district 地区 the people have been more many or less little ruined 破坏 by opium 鸦片. I have heard hear of a family, a man and his wife 妻子, who had only one suit 一套外衣 of clothes 衣服，衣物 between them.

“In Taiku there is a large family by the name of Meng, perhaps 或许 the wealthiest family in the province 省 of Shansi. For the past 过去的 few years they have been steadily 稳定的 going down, simply 简直就是 from the fact that the heads of the family have become opium 鸦片-smokers 抽烟者. In Taiku there is a large fair 公平；美丽 held hold each year, and all the old bronzes 青铜, porcelains 瓷, furniture 家具, etc., that this family possesses 拥有 are sold 卖:sell. Last year enough of their possessions 所有物 were on sale 卖 to stock 股份 ten 十 or twelve 十二 small shops 商店 at the fair 公平；美丽.

“Another man, a rich 富有的 man in Jen Tsuen, possessed 拥有 a fine 好的 summer 夏 residence 住宅 previous 以前 to 1900. This residence 住宅 contained 包含 several large houses and some fine trees 树 and shrubs 灌木, but during the last seven 七 years he has taken to opium 鸦片 and has been steadily 稳定的 going down. He has been selling 卖 out this residence 住宅, pulling 拉 down the houses and cutting 砍 down the trees, and selling the wood 木材；树林 and old bricks 砖. He is now a beggar 乞丐 in the streets 街 of Jen Tsuen.

“All through the hills 小山 west 西 of Tai Yuan-fu the peasants 农 are addicted 瘾君子 to the use of opium 鸦片. About seventy 七十 per cent. of the population 7 take opium 鸦片 in one form or another. I was speaking 讲 to a number of them who had come into an inn 小旅馆 at which I was stopping 停止. I asked them if they wanted to give up the use of opium 鸦片. They said yes, but that they had not the means to do so. Everybody 每人 would like to give it up. The women smoke 烟, as well as the men.

“The smoker 烟 does not trouble 麻烦 himself 7 to plant 植物；种 seeds 种子, nor 也不 to go out.

“The houses in Shansi are very good; in fact, they are better well than in other provinces 省, but they are rapidly 快速地 going to ruin 破坏 owing 欠…债 to the excessive 过度的 smoking 7 of opium 鸦片, and wherever 随地 one goes the ruins 破坏 are seen see on every side. On the roads 路 the people can get a little money by selling 卖 things, but off the main 主要的 roads the distress 苦难 is worse 更坏的 than any‧where 任何地方 else 其他.

“Up in the hills 小山 I stopped 停止 at a village 村庄 and inquired 打听 if they had any food 食物 for sale 卖, and they told tell me that they had nothing but frozen 使结冰；不动:freeze potatoes 土豆. So I asked to be shown show those, and I went into one of the hovels and found find little potatoes, perhaps 或许 one-half 6 an inch 英寸 across 穿过, frozen 使结冰；不动:freeze, and all strewn over the kang (the brick 砖 bed 床), where they were drying 干燥. As soon 立刻 as they were dry 干燥, they were to be ground 地面 down into a meal 餐 of which dumplings were made, and these were steamed 蒸汽. That was their only diet 饮食, and had been for the past 过去的 month 月. They had no money at all. What money they had possessed 拥有 had been spent 用过的 on opium 鸦片, and they could not expect any‧thing 任何东西 to make up the crop 农作物 of potatoes 土豆 the following autumn 秋. I noticed 注意 in a basin 盆 a few dried 干燥 sticks 棍；粘贴, and I asked what they were for, and the man told tell me they were the sticks taken from the sieve through which the opium 鸦片 was filtered 过滤 for purification. These sticks are soaked 浸泡 in hot 热的 water, and the water, which contains 包含 a little opium 鸦片, is drunk 醉的. They were using this in place of opium 鸦片. I gave give this man twenty 二十 cents 分, and the next day when I returned 回转 he was enjoying 享有 a pipe 管子 of opium 鸦片.

“While passing 走过 through an iron 铁器-smelting village 村庄 I noticed 注意 that the blacksmiths who beat 打败 up the pig 猪 iron were regular 有规律的 living skeletons 骨架. They work from about five in the morning 早晨 until about five in the evening 傍晚, stopping 停止 twice 两次 during that time for meals 餐. When they leave off in the evening, after a hasty 匆 meal 餐 they start with their pipes 管子 and go on until they are asleep 睡着的. I do not know how these men can work. I presume 假设 that it was the hard 硬；困难的 work that made them take to opium 鸦片-smoking 8.

“On asking people why they had taken to the drug 药物, they invariably 不变地 replied 回答 that it was for the cure 治愈 of a pain 痛苦 of some sort 分类—for relieving 解除 the suffering 受痛苦. The women often take to it after child‧birth 分娩, and this is generally what starts them to smoking 9.

“The wealthier 富裕 men who smoke 烟 opium 鸦片 nearly all day cannot enter 进入 another room until this room has first been filled 装满 with the fumes 烟 of opium 鸦片. Some one has to go into the room first and smoke 8 a few pipes 管子, so that the air 天空 of the room may be in proper 适当的 condition 状态.

“There was an official 10 in Shau-ying who used to keep six 6 slave 奴隶 girls going all day filling 装满 his pipes 管子. The slave girls and brides 新娘 very often try to commit 承诺 suicide by eating 吃 opium 鸦片, owing 欠…债 to the harsh 苛刻 treatment 治疗 they receive 收到.”

Everywhere 到处 along the high‧road 高的‧路 and in the cities and villages 村庄 of Shansi you see the opium 鸦片 face. The opium 鸦片-smoker 6, like the opium 鸦片-eater 吃, rapidly 快速地 loses 失去 flesh 肉 when the habit 8 has fixed 固定 itself 本身 on him. The colour leaves his skin 皮, and it becomes dry 干燥, like parchment. His eye loses what‧ever 无论什么 light and sparkle 火花 it may have had, and becomes dull 钝的；没兴趣 and list‧less 清单‧少. The opium 鸦片 face has been best 6 described 描写 as a “ peculiarly 奇怪的 withered 枯萎 and blasted 爆破 countenance 面容.” With this face is usually associated 关联 a thin 薄的 body 身体 and a languid gait. Opium gets such a powerful 强大 grip 握 on a confirmed 确认 smoker 7 that it is usually unsafe 不安全 for him to give up the habit 9 without medical 医学的 aid 援助. His appetite 食欲 is taken away, his digestion 消化 is impaired 妨害, there is congestion 拥塞 of the various 各种 internal 内部 organs 器官；机构, and congestion 拥塞 of the lungs 肺. Constipation and diarrhœa result, with pain 痛苦 all over the body 身体. By the time he has reached 到达 this stage 阶段, the smoker 8 has become both physically 物理 and mentally 精神上 weak 柔弱的 and inactive 待用. With his intellect 智力 deadened, his physical 物理 and moral 8 sense impaired 妨害, he sinks 淹没 into laziness, immorality, and debauchery. He has lost 失去的 his power of resistance 抵抗 to disease 疾病, and becomes predisposed to colds 寒冷的, bronchitis, diarrhœa, dysentery, and dyspepsia. Brigade Surgeon J. H. Condon, M. D., M. R. C. S., speaking 讲 of opium 鸦片-eaters before the Royal 王国的 Commission 佣金 on Opium, said: “They become emaciated and debilitated 衰弱, miserable 悲惨的-looking wretches 不幸的人, and finally 最后 die 死亡, most many commonly 普通的 of diarrhœa induced 促使 by the use of opium 鸦片.”

When a man has got get himself 8 into this condition 状态, he must have opium 鸦片, and must have it all the time. I have already 早已；已经 pointed out that opium 鸦片-smoking not only is perhaps 或许 the most many expensive 昂贵的 of the vices 副职的；副的, but that, unlike 不像 opium 鸦片- eating 吃, it consumes 消耗 an immense 极大的 amount 量 of time. Few smokers 抽烟者 can keep slaves 奴隶 to fill 装满 their pipes 管子 for them, like that wealthy 富裕 official 11 at Shau-ying. It takes a seasoned 季节 smoker 9 from fifteen 十五 minutes 分 to half 7 an hour 小时 to prepare 准备 a pipe 管子 to his satisfaction 满足, smoke 9 it, and rouse 唤醒 himself 9 to begin the operation 操作 again. If he smokes 烟 ten 十 or twenty 二十 pipes 管子 a day, which is common 普通的, and then sleeps 睡 off the effects 影响, it is not hard 硬；困难的 to figure out the number of hours 小时 left 左边；留下；离开 for business each day. When he has slept 睡:sleep, and the day is well started, his body 身体 at once begins to clamour for more many opium 鸦片. He must begin smoking again, or he will suffer 受痛苦 an agony 痛苦 of physical 物理 and mental 心理 torture 拷打. His ten 十 to twenty 二十 pipes 6 a day will cost him from fifty 五十 cents 分 or a dollar 美元 (if he is a poor 贫穷的 man and smokes 烟 the scrapings 擦 from the rich 富有的 man’s pipe 管子), to ten 十 or twenty 二十 dollars 美元 (or more many, if he smokes a high grade 年级 of opium 鸦片). I learned 学习:learn of many wealthy 富裕 merchants and officials 7 who smoke 10 from forty 四十 to sixty 六十 pipes 7 a day.

It is just at this period 时期，时间, when the smoker is so enslaved by the drug 药物 that he has lost 失去的 his earning 赚得 power, that his opium 鸦片 expenditure 支出 increases most many rapidly 快速地. He is buying 购买 opium 鸦片 now, not so much to gratify 取悦 his selfish 自私的 vice 副职的；副的, as to keep himself alive 活的；有生命的. He becomes frantic 疯狂的 for opium 鸦片. He will sell 卖 any‧thing 任何东西 he has to buy 购买 the stuff 塞满；材料. His moral 9 sense is destroyed 破坏. A diseased 疾病, decrepit, insane 疯 being 存在, he forgets 忘记 even his family. He sells 卖 his bric-a-brac, his pictures 照片, his furniture 家具. He sells his daughters 女儿, even his wife 妻子, if she has attractions 吸引, as slaves 奴隶 to rich 富有的 men. He tears 撕裂；泪 his house to pieces 块, sells 卖 the tiles 瓦 of his roof 屋顶, the bricks 砖 of his walls 墙, the wood‧work 木制品 about his doors 门 and windows 窗. He cuts 砍 down the trees 树 in his yard 院子 and sells 卖 the wood 木材；树林. And at last he crawls 爬行 out on the high‧way 公路, digs 挖 himself a cave 洞穴 in the loess (if he has strength 力量 enough), and prostrates himself before the camel 骆驼 and donkey 驴 drivers 司机, whining 抱怨, chattering 喋喋不休, praying 祈祷 that a few copper 铜 cash 现金 be thrown 投掷:throw to him.

Since there are no statistics 统计数据；统计资料 in China, I can give the reader only the observations 意见 and impressions 印象 of a traveller 旅行. But Shansi Province 省 is full 满的 of ruins 破坏. So are Szechuan and Yunnan and Kuei-chow, and half 8 a dozen （一）打；十二 others 别的. It is with the province 省 as a whole 8 much as it is with the individuals 单个 of that province 省. The raising 提升；种 of opium 鸦片 to supply 供给 this enormous 巨大 demand 6 crowds 人群；拥挤 off the land the grains 谷物 and vegetables 蔬菜 that are absolutely 完全地；绝对地 needed for human 人 food 食物. The manufacture 制造 of opium 鸦片 and its accessories 附件 absorbs 吸收 the energy 能源 and capital 首都 that should go into legitimate 合法 industry. The government of the province 省 and the government of the empire 帝国 have become so dependent 依靠的 on the immense 极大的 revenue 收入 from the taxation 税收 of this “vicious 恶毒 article 文章 of luxury 豪华” that they dare 敢 not give it up. In the body 身体 politic an unhealthy 不良 condition 状态 not only exists 存在, but also controls 控制. Drifting into it half 9-consciously 有意识的, the province 省 has been sapped 树液 by a vicious 恶毒 economic 经济 habit 10. That is what is the matter with Shansi. That is what is the matter with China. All the way along my route 路线 in Shansi I photographed 照片 the ruins 破坏 that typify the disaster 灾难，大祸 which has overtaken this opium 鸦片 province 省. And a few of these photographs 照片 are reproduced 复制 here, all showing houses of men who were well-to-do only a few years ago 以前. It will be plainly 平原；明显 seen see from the cuts 砍, I think, that these ruins 破坏 are not the result of age 年龄. The sun 太阳- dried 干燥 bricks 砖 of the walls 墙 show few signs 符号 of crumbling 崩溃. The walls themselves 他们自己 are not weather 天气-beaten 打败:beat, and have evidently 明显地 been destroyed 破坏 by the hand of man, and not by time.

 

WRECK 破坏；使遇难 AND RUIN 破坏 IN CHINA These Houses were Torn Down by their Owners, the Woodwork and Bricks Sold, and the Money Used to Purchase 采购 Opium

 

 

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IV

CHINA’S SINCERITY

China is the land of paradox 悖论. If it is an absolute 绝对的, despotic monarchy 帝制, it is also a very democratic 民主的 country, with its self 自己-made men, its powerful 强大 public opinion 意见, and a “states’ rights” question of its own. It is one of the most many corrupt 腐败 of nations; on the other hand, the standard 标准 of personal 个人 and commercial 商业的 honesty 诚实 is probably 6 higher in China than in any other country in the world. Woman, in China, is made to serve 服务；（为…）工作; her status 状态 is so low 低的 that it would be a discourtesy even to ask a man if he has a daughter 女儿: yet the ablest 能够的 ruler 规则 China has had in many centuries 世纪 is a woman. It is a land where the women wear 穿着 socks 短袜 and trousers 长裤, and the men wear stockings 股份 and robes 长袍; where a man shakes 摇晃 his own hand, not yours; where white 7, not black 黑色, is a sign 符号 of mourning 悼; where the compass 罗盘 points south 南方, not north 北方; wherebooks 书 are read backward 向后的, not forward 前进地; where names and titles 标题 are put in reverse 反向；倒转 order, as in our directories 目录—Theodore Roosevelt would be Roosevelt Theodore in China, Uncle 叔叔 Sam would be Sam Uncle; where fractions 分数 are written write upside 上边 down, as [8]⁄5, not 5⁄8; where a bride 新娘 wails 哀号 bitterly 苦的 as she is carried 运送；支撑 to her wedding 结婚, and a man laughs 笑 when he tells you of his mother 母亲’s death 死亡.

Chinese life, or the phases 相 of it that you see along the highroads of the north‧west 西北, would appear 出现 to be a very simple 简单的, honest 诚实的 life, industrious, methodical, patient 有耐性的 in poverty 贫穷. The men, even of the lowest 低的 classes 6, are courteous to a degree 度 that would shame 羞愧 a Frenchman. I have seen see my two soldiers 士兵, who earned 赚得 ten 十 or twenty 二十 cents 分, Mexican, a day, greet 欢迎 my cook 烹调 with such grace 优雅；惠赐 and charm 魔力；使陶醉 of manner 方式 that I felt feel like a crude 原油 barbarian as I watched 钟表；注视 them. The simplicity 简单 and industry of this life, as it presented itself 本身 to me, seemed directly opposed 反对 to any violence 暴力 or out‧rage 暴行. Yet only seven 七 years ago 6 Shansi Province 省 was the scene 场面 of one of the most many atrocious mass‧acre 屠杀 in history 历史, modern 现代的 or ancient 古代的. During a few weeks, in the summer 夏 of 1900, one hundred 百 and fifty 五十-nine 九 white 8 foreigners 外国人, men, women, and children, were killed 杀死… within 在内 the province 省, forty 四十- six 6 of them in the city of T’ai Yuan-fu. The mass‧acre 屠杀 completely wiped 擦 out the mission 任务 churches and schools and the opium 鸦片 refuges 避难所, the only missionaries 传教士 who escaped 逃脱 being 8 those who happened 发生 to be away on leave at the time. The attack 攻击 was not directed at the missionaries 传教士 as such, but at the foreigners 外国人 in general. It was widely 范围广地；广泛地 believed 信任 among 9 the peasantry that the foreign devils 魔鬼 made a practice 练习 of cutting 砍 out the eyes, tongues 舌头, and various 各种 other organs 器官；机构 of children and women and shipping 船 them, for some diabolical purpose 目的, out of the country. The slaughter 屠宰 was directed, from beginning to end, by the rabid Manchu governor 州长；主管人, Yü Hsien, and some of the butchering 屠夫 was done by soldiers 士兵 under his personal 个人 command 命令. But the interesting fact is that the docile, long- suffering 受痛苦 people of Shansi did some butchering 屠夫 on their own account 账；解释, as soon 立刻 as the word was passed 走过 around that no questions would be asked by the officials 8.

Apparently 据…所知；看来；据说；听说, the Shansi peasant 农 can be at one time simple 简单的, industrious, loyal 忠诚的, and at another time a slaying 诛戮, ravishing maniac. The Chinaman himself is the greatest paradox 悖论 of all. He is the product 产品 of a civilization 文明 which sprang from a germ 病菌 and has developed in a soil 泥土 and environment 环境 different 不同的 from anything 6 within 6 our Western 西方的 range 范围；射程；类别 of experience. Naturally 自然地 he does not see human 6 relations 关系 as we see them. His habits 习惯 and customs 习惯 are enough different 不同的 from ours to appear 出现 bizarre 奇异的 to us; but they are no more many than surface 表面 evidences 证据 of the difference 差别 between his mind and ours. Thanks to our strong 强的 racial instinct 直觉, we can be fairly 公正地，一定地 certain of what an Anglo-Saxon, or even a European, will think in certain deeply 深深地；极其，非常 human 7 circumstances 环境—in the presence 出席 of death 死亡, for instance 例. We cannot hope 希望 to under‧stand 懂 the mental 心理 processes 过程；步骤 of a Chinaman. There is too great a difference 差别 in the shape 形状 of our heads, as there is in the texture 质地 of our traditions 传统.

But we can see quite 相当 clearly that the imperial 帝国 government of China is, while it endures 忍受, a strong 强的 and effective 有效的 government. It is significant 重大 that the Chinese people rarely 很少；不常见；难得 indulge 放纵 in mass‧acre 屠杀 on their own account 账；解释. Why not? The hatred 仇恨 of foreigners 外国人 must be always there, under the placid surface 表面, for these people rarely fail 失败 to turn into slaying 诛戮 demons 恶魔 once the officials 9 let the word be passed 走过 around. There have been thirty 三十-five serious 严肃的 anti 抗-foreign riots 暴动 and mass‧acre 屠杀 in China within 7 thirty 三十-five years, besides 而且 the Boxer uprising 暲 of 1900; and among these there was probably 7 not one which the mandarins could not have sup‧press 压制 had they wished 希望. The Boxer trouble 麻烦 was worked up by Yü Hsien while he was governor 州长；主管人 of Shantung Province 省. When the foreign powers protested 抗议 he was transferred 转让 to Shansi, which had scarcely 缺乏的 heard hear of the Boxer Society 社会, and almost at once there was a “Boxer” out‧break 暴发 and mass‧acre 屠杀 in Shansi. The Peking government mean‧while 同时 carried 运送；支撑 on Yü Hsien’s horrible 可怕 work at Peking and Tientsin. The siege 围城 of the legations at Peking was conducted 进行 by imperial 帝国 soldiers 士兵, not by mobs 暴民. During all the trouble 麻烦 of that bloody 血腥的；该死的；他妈的 summer 夏, Yuan Shi K’ai, who succeeded 成功 to the governor‧ship 州长；主管人‧船 in Shantung, seemed to have no difficulty 困难 in keeping that province 省 quiet 清静的, though it was the scene 场面 of the original 原版的 trouble 麻烦.

Chang Chi Tung, “the great viceroy,” subdued 征服 the Upper 上面的 Yangtse provinces 省 with a firm 坚固的 hand, though the Boxer difficulty 困难 there was complicated 使复杂化 by the ever 永远；曾经-see‧thing 看见‧东西；事件 revolution 革命. In a word, the officials in China seem perfectly 完美地，完满地 able 7 to control 控制 their populace and protect 保护 foreigners 外国人. As Dr. Ferguson, of Shanghai, put it to me, “No other government in the world can so effectively 有效地 enforce 执行 a law as the Chinese government—when they want to!”

You soon 立刻 learn 学习, in China, that you can trust 信任 a Chinaman to carry 运送；支撑 through anything 7 he agrees 同意 to do for you. When I reached 到达 T’ai Yuan-fu I handed my interpreter 翻译，弄清含义 a Chinese draft 草案 for $200 (Mexican), pay‧able 应付 to bearer 生；熊, and told tell him to go to the bank 银行；岸 and bring back the money. I had known know John a little over a week; yet any one who knows China will under‧stand 懂 that I was running no appreciable risk 危险. The individual 单个 Chinaman is simply 简直就是 a part of a family, the family is part of a neighbourhood, the neighbourhood is part of a village 村庄 or district 地区, and so on. In all its relations 关系 with the central 中央 government, the province 省 is responsible 尽责的 for the affairs 事情 of its larger districts 地区, these for the smaller districts, the smaller districts for the villages 村庄, the villages for the neighbourhoods, the neighbourhoods for the family, the family for the individual 单个. If John had disappeared 不见 with my money after cashing 现金 the draft 草案, and had after‧ward 之后 been caught 抓；赶上:catch, punishment 惩罚 would have been swift 迅速 and severe 严峻的. Very likely 可能的 he would have lost 失去的 his head. If the authorities 权威 had been unable 无法 to find John, they would have punished 处罚 his family. Punishment would surely 肯定地，想必，无疑地 have fallen 落下:fall on some‧body 某人.

The real effect 影响 of this system, continued as it has been through unnumbered centuries 世纪, has naturally 自然地 been to develop a clear, keen 热切的 sense of personal 个人 responsibility 责任. For, what‧ever 无论什么 may occur 发生, some‧body 某人 is responsible 尽责的. The family, in order to protect 保护 itself 本身, trains 火车；训练 its individuals 单个 to live up to their promises 允诺, or else 其他 not to make promises. The neighbourhood, well knowing that it will be held hold account‧able 问责 for its units 单位, watches 钟表；注视 them with a close eye. When a new family comes into a neighbourhood, the neighbours crowd 人群；拥挤 about and ask questions which are not, in view 看法 of the facts, so impertinent as they might sound 声音. Indeed 的确, this sense of family and neighbourhood account‧ability 问责 is so deeply 深深地；极其，非常 rooted 根 that it is not uncommon 罕见, on the failure 失败 of a merchant 商人 to meet his obligations 义务；责任；职责, for his family and friends 朋友 to step 6 forward 前进地 and help him to settle 解决；定居 his accounts 账；解释. It is the only way in which they can clear themselves 他们自己.

All these evidences 证据 would seem to indicate 表明 that the Chinese people, on the one hand, have an innate 先天 fear 害怕 of and respect 尊重 for their government and their law, such as they are; and that the government, on the other hand, is, in the matter of enforcing 执行 the traditional 传统 law, one of the most many powerful 强大 governments on earth 地球. None 没有人 but an exceedingly 非常 well- organized 组织 government could deliberately 故意 incite 煽动 its people to repeated 重复 riots 暴动 and mass‧acre 屠杀 without losing 失去 control 控制 of them. The Chinese government has seemed to have not the slightest 微小的 difficulty 困难 in keeping the people quiet 清静的—when it wanted to. The story 故事 of Shantung Province 省 makes this clear. It was driven 驾驶:drive into what appeared 出现 to be anarchy 无政府状态 by a rabid governor 州长；主管人. But only a few months 月 later this governor’s successor 接班人 had little difficulty 困难 in keeping the entire 全部的 province 省 in almost perfect 使完善；完美的 order while the adjoining 毗 province 省 was actually 实际上 at war with the allied 联盟；盟友 powers of the world and was over‧run 泛滥 with foreign troops 部队. No; a government which has within 8 it the power, on occasion 机会, to carry 运送；支撑 through such an achievement 成就 as this, can hardly 几乎不 be called weak 柔弱的.

We begin, then, by admitting 许可进入 that the Chinese government has the strength 力量 and the organization 组织 necessary 7 to carry 运送；支撑 out any ordinary 普通的 reform 改革—if it wants to. The putting down of the opium 鸦片 evil 邪恶的 is, of course, no ordinary reform 改革. It is an under‧take 承担 so colossal 庞大 and so desperate 殊死 that it staggers 错开 imagination 想像力, as I trust 信任 I have made plain 平原；明显 in the preceding 优于 articles 文章. But setting aside 在旁边, for the moment 瞬间, our doubts 怀疑 as to whether 是否 or not the Chinese government, or any other government on earth 地球, could hope 希望 to check 检查 so insidious and pervading 弥漫 an evil 邪恶的, we have to consider other doubts 怀疑 which arise 产生 from even a slight 微小的 acquaintance 熟人 with that puzzling 使迷惑 organism 生物, the Chinese official mind. If the Chinese business man is, as many think, the most many honest 诚实的 and straight‧forward 直截了当 business man on earth 地球, the Chinese official, or mandarin, is about the most many subtle 微妙 and bewildering 困惑. His duplicity is simply 6 beyond 超过 our under‧stand 懂. He has a bland 平淡 and childish 幼稚 smile 微笑, but his ways are peculiar 奇怪的. Most many of us know that our own state department 部门 has a neat 整洁的 little custom 习惯 of issuing letters 信 to travellers ordering our diplomatic 外交 and consular representatives 代表 abroad 到国外 to extend 延伸 special 特殊的 courtesies 礼貌, and sending 派遣；送, at the same time, a notice 注意 to these same representatives 代表 advising 劝告 them to take no notice of the letters 信. In Chinese diplomacy 外交 every‧thing 每件事物 is done in this way, but very much more many so. Documents issued by the Chinese government usually bear 生；熊 about the same relation 关系 to any existing 存在 facts or intentions 意图 as a Thanksgiving proclamation does. You must be very astute, indeed 的确, to perceive 认为 from the speech 演说, manner 方式, or writing of a mandarin what he is really getting at. Motive under‧lie 是…的深层原因；对…有重大影响 motive 动机; self 自己-interest lies 躺；说谎 deeper 深的 still; and the base 底；基础 of it all is an Oriental concept‧ion 概念 of life and affairs 事情 which cannot be so remodelled 改装 or reshaped 重塑 as to fit 合适 into our square 正方形；广场-shaped 形状 Western 西方的 minds. No one else 其他 was so eloquent 雄辩 on the horrors 恐怖 of opium 鸦片 as the great Li Hung 悬挂:hang Chang, when talking 说话 with foreigners 外国人; yet Li Hung Chang was one of the largest producers 制片人 of opium 鸦片 in China. When the Chinese army 军队, under imperial 帝国 direction 方向, was fiercely 凶猛的 bombarding 轰击 the legations in Peking, the imperial 帝国 government was officially 行政官员 sending 派遣；送 fruit 成果 and other delicacies 美味, accompanied 陪 by courteous notes 笔记, asking if there was not something they could do for the comfort 安慰 of the hard 硬；困难的-pressed 压 foreigners 外国人.

This indirection would seem to be the result of a constant 不变 effort 努力, on the part of every‧body 每人 in authority 权威, to shirk the responsibility 责任 for difficult 困难的 situations 处境. Under a system which holds a man mercilessly account‧able 问责 for carrying 运送；支撑 through any under‧take 承担 for which he is known know to be responsible 尽责的, he naturally 自然地 tries to avoid 避开 assuming 承担 any responsibility 责任 what‧ever 无论什么. An official is punished 处罚 for failure 失败 and rewarded 报酬 for success 成功 in China, as in other countries. And the official on whom 谁 is saddled 马鞍 the extremely 非常；极端；极其 difficult 7 job of pleasing 请;讨人喜欢, at one time, an empress who believes 信任 that a Boxer can render 给予 himself invisible 无形 to foreign sharpshooters by a little mumbling 咕哝 and dancing 跳舞, a set of courtiers and palace 宫 eunuchs who are constantly 总是；经常地，不断地 under‧mine 破坏 one another with the deepest 深的 Oriental guile, a populace with little more many under‧stand 懂 and knowledge 知识；了解 of the world than the children of Israel in the Sinai Peninsula, and a hostile 敌对 band 带 of keen 热切的, modern 现代的 diplomats 外交官 with trade interests and “concessions 让步” on their tongues 舌头 and machine 机器 guns 枪 and magazine 杂志 rifles 步枪 at call in their legation compounds 组合, is not in for an easy 容易的 time.

It hardly 几乎不 seems, then, as if we should blame 指责 the Chinese official too harshly 粗暴地 if his whole 9 career 生涯，职业；事业 appears 出现 to be made up of a series 系列 of “side-steppings 步；走” and “ ducks 鸭子”—of what the American boxer 盒；耳光 aptly 易于 calls “ foot 脚；英尺 work.” On the other hand, it is not difficult 8 to sympathize 同情 with the foreign diplomat 外交官 who has, year after year, to play this baffling 障 game 游戏. He is always making progress 进步 and never getting any‧where 任何地方. He has his choice 选择 of going mad 疯狂的 or settling 解决；定居 down into a confirmed 确认 and weary 厌倦 cynicism 玩世不恭. In most many cases he chooses 挑选 the latter 后者的, and ultimately 最终 drifts 漂移 into a frame 框架 of mind in which he doubts 怀疑 anything 8 and every‧thing 每件事物. He takes it for granted 发放 that the Chinese government is always insincere. It is incredible 难以置信 to him that a Chinese official could mean what he says. And so, when the Chinese government declared 宣布 against the opium 鸦片 evil 邪恶的, the cynical 愤世嫉俗的 foreign diplomats 外交官 and traders 商人 at once began begin looking between and behind 之后 the lines in the effort 努力 to find out what the crafty yellow 黄色的 men were really getting at. That they might mean what they said seemed wholly 全 out of the question. But what deep 深的 motive 动机 might under‧lie 是…的深层原因；对…有重大影响 the proposal 提议 was a puzzle 使迷惑. At first the gossips 八卦 of Peking and the ports 港口 ran run to the effect 影响 that the real scheme 方案 was to arouse 引起 the anti 抗-opium 鸦片 public opinion 意见 in England, and force the British Indian government to give up its opium 鸦片 business. Very good, so far. But why? In order that China, by successfully 顺利 shutting 关闭 out the Indian opium 鸦片, might set up a government monopoly 垄断 of its own, for revenue 收入, of the home-grown 6 drug 药物? This was the first notion 概念 at Peking and the ports 港口. I heard hear it voiced 嗓音 frequently 频繁地，经常地 every‧where 到处. But it proved 证明 a hard 硬；困难的 theory 理论 to maintain 保持.

In the first place, the Chinese government could set up a pretty 漂亮的 effective 有效的 government opium 鸦片 business, if it wanted to, without bothering 烦 about the Indian-grown 7 drug 药物. Opium is produced 生产 every‧where 到处 in China. The demand 7 has grown 8 to a point where the Indian article 文章 alone 单独的 could not begin to supply 供给 it. But, on the other hand, the stopping 停止 of the importation is necessarily 不可避免地，必然地 the first step 7 in combating 战斗 the evil 邪恶的; for, if the Chinese should begin by successfully 顺利 decreasing 减少 their own production 生产 of opium 鸦片, the importation would automatically 自动 increase, and consumption 消费 remain 留；剩余 the same.

In the second place, if it is wholly 全 a “revenue 收入” matter to the Chinese government, why give up the large annual 全年 revenue 收入 from customs 习惯 duties 职责 on the imported 进口 opium 鸦片? In asking the British to stop 停止 their opium 鸦片 traffic 交通 the Chinese are proposing 提议 deliberately 故意 to sacrifice 牺牲 $5,000,000 annually 每年 in customs and liking duties on the imported 进口 drug 药物, or between a fifth and a sixth of the entire 全部的 revenue 收入 of the imperial 帝国 customs.

One very convincing 说服 indication 迹象 of the sincerity 诚意 of the Chinese government in this matter, which I will take up in detail 详述 a little later, is the way in which the opium 鸦片 prohibition 禁令 is being 9 enforced 执行 by the Chinese authorities 权威. But before going into that, I should like to call attention 注意 to two other evidences 证据 of Chinese sincerity 诚意 in its war on opium 鸦片. The first is the patent 专利 fact that public opinion 意见 all over China, among rich 富有的 and poor 贫穷的, mandarins and peasants 农, has turned strongly 强烈 against the use of opium 鸦片. I have had this information from too many sources 资源 to doubt 怀疑 it. Travellers from the remotest 远程 provinces 省 are reporting to this effect 6. The anti 抗-opium 鸦片 sentiment 情绪 is found find in the highest official circles 圆, in the army 军队, in the navy 海军, in the schools. Within 9 the past 过去的 year or so it has been growing 生长；种植 steadily 6 stronger 强的. Opium-smoking used to be taken as a matter of course; now, where you find a man smoking too much, you also find a group of friends 朋友 apologizing 道歉；认错；谢罪 for him. I have already 早已；已经 explained 讲解 that opium 鸦片-smoking is not tolerated 容忍 in the “new” army 军队. There is now a rapidly 快速地 growing 生长；种植 number of officials and merchants who refuse 拒绝 to employ 雇用 opium 鸦片-smokers 抽烟者 in any capacity 容量.

Now, why is the public opinion 意见 of China setting so strongly 强烈 against opium 鸦片? Even apart 相隔 from moral 10 considerations 考虑, bringing the matter down to a “ practical 实践的” basis 基础, why is this so? I will venture 企业；投机活动；商业冒险 to offer 提供 an answer 答复 to the question. Said one Tientsin foreign merchant 商人, an American who has had unusual 异常 opportunities 机会 to observe 观察 conditions 状态 in Northern 北方的 China: “If the Chinese do succeed 成功 in shutting 关闭 down on opium 鸦片, it may mean the end of the foreigners 外国人 in China. Opium is the one thing that is holding the Chinese back to-day.”

Ten 十 or twelve 十二 of the legations at Peking now have “legation guards 警卫” of from one hundred 百 to three hundred 百 men each. In all, there are eighteen 十八 hundred 百 foreign soldiers 士兵 in Peking, “a force large enough,” said one officer 军官；指挥官, “to be an insult 侮辱 to China, but not large enough to defend 辩护 us should they really resent 愤恨 the insult.”

Twelve hundred 百 miles 英里 up the Yangtse River 7, above 之上 the rapids 快速的, there is a fleet 舰队 of tiny 小 foreign gunboats, English 7 and French, which were carried 运送；支撑 up in sections 部分 and put together 同时 “to stay 停留.” At every treaty 条约 port 港口 there are one or more many foreign settlements 沉降, maintained 保持 under foreign laws. The Imperial Maritime Customs 6 Service of China is directed and administered 管理 through‧out 始终 by foreigners 外国人; this, to insure 保证 the proper 适当的 collection 收集 of the “indemnity” money. Foreign “syndicates 辛迪加” have been gobbling up the wonderful 精彩 coal 煤 and iron 铁器 deposits 留下 of China wherever 随地 they could find them. And so on. I could give many more many illustrations 插图 of the foreign grip 握 on China, but these will serve 服务；（为…）工作. And back of these facts looms 织布机 the always impending 即将发生 “partition 划分 of China.” The Chinese are not fools 愚人. They have sat 坐:sit tight 紧的, wearing 穿着 that inscrutable smile 微笑, while the foreigners 外国人 discussed 讨论 the cutting 砍 up of China as if it were a huge 巨大 cake 蛋糕. They have seen see the Japanese, a race 8 of little brown 棕色的 men, inhabiting 居住于 a few little islands 岛, face the dreaded 恐惧 bear 生；熊 of Russia and drive 驾驶 it back into Siberia. Now, at last, these patient 有耐性的 Chinamen are picking 挑选 up some odds 奇 and ends of Western 西方的 science 科学. They are building 建造 rail‧road 铁路, and manufacturing 制造 the rails 围栏；钢轨 for them. They are talking 说话 about saving 节省 China “for the Chinese.” In 1906 they mobilized 动员 an army 军队 of 30,000 “ modern 现代的” troops 部队 for manœuvres in Honan Province 省. If they are to succeed 成功 with this notion 概念, they must begin at the beginning. Opium is dragging 拖拽 them down hill 小山. Opium will not build rail‧road 铁路. Opium will not win 赢 battles 与…作战. Opium will not administer 管理 the affairs 事情 of the hugest 巨大 nation on earth 地球. Therefore 因此, no matter what it costs in revenue 收入, no matter how staggering 错开 the necessary 8 reform 改革 and reorganization 重组, opium 鸦片 must go.

China may be a puzzling 使迷惑 land. The Chinese officials may be cap‧able 能 of the most many baffling 障 duplicity. But we are forced to believe 信任 that they are “ sincere 真诚的” in putting down the opium 鸦片 traffic 交通. It appears 出现, for China, to be a case of sink 淹没 or swim 游泳.

The next question would seem to be, if the Chinese are really trying to put down the opium 鸦片 traffic 交通, how are they succeeding 成功? We will pass 走过 over that part of the problem which relates 相关 to Great Britain and the Indian opium 鸦片 trade, with the idea 主意 of taking it up in a later chapter 章节. Let us consider now what China, flabby, backward 向后的, long- suffering 受痛苦 China, is actually 实际上 doing in this tremendous 巨大 effort 努力 to cure 治愈 her disorder 混乱 in order that she may take a new place among the nations. We will deal 6 here with the enforcement of the edict in Shansi Province 省, taking up in later chapters 章节 the results of the prohibition 禁令 movement 运动 in the other provinces 省.

The plan out‧line 概述；轮廓线 in the edicts prohibiting 禁止 opium 鸦片 is clear, direct, forcible. It was evidently 明显地 meant mean to be effective 有效的. It provides (first) that the governors 州长；主管人 of the provinces 省 shall 将要 ascertain 探明, through the local 地方的 authorities 权威, the exact 准确的 number of acres 英亩 under poppy 罂粟 cultivation 教养. The area of the land used for this purpose 6 shall then be cut 砍 down by one-ninth part each year, “so that at the end of nine 九 years there will be no more many land used for such purposes 目的, and the land thus 8 disused”—I am quoting 引用 here from the Chinaman who translated 翻译 the regulations 规 for me—“shall 6 never be used for the said purposes again. Should the owners 所有者 of such lands 陆地；着陆 disobey the decree 法令, their lands shall 7 be confiscated 没收. Local 地方的 officials who make special 特殊的 efforts 努力 and be able 8 to stop 6 the cultivation 教养 of poppy 罂粟 before the said time, they shall 8 be rewarded 报酬 with promotions 提升.”

The plan provides (second) that “all smokers 抽烟者, irrespective 不管 of class 班 or sex 性别, must go to the nearest authorities 权威 to get certificates 证书, in which they are to write their names, addresses 地址, profession 职业, ages 年龄, and the amount 量 of opium 鸦片 smoked 烟 each day.” Latitude is allowed 允许 smokers 抽烟者 over sixty 六十 years of age 年龄, but those under sixty 六十 “must get cured 治愈 before arriving 到达 at sixty 六十 years of age. Persons who smoke 11 or buy 购买 opium 鸦片 without certificates 证书 will be punished 处罚. No new smokers 抽烟者 will be allowed 允许 from the date 日期 of prohibition 禁令. The amount 量 of opium 鸦片 supplied 供给 to each smoker must decrease 减少 by one-third each year, so that within a few years there will be no opium 鸦片 smoked 烟 at all.” Officials who over‧step 之上‧步；走 the law are to be deprived 剥夺 of their rank 排列. In the case of common 6 people, “their names will be posted 邮件 up thoroughfares, and will be deprived 剥夺 of privileges 特权 in all public gatherings 收集.”

Opium dens 巢穴, as also all restaurants 饭店, hotels 旅馆, and wine 葡萄酒- shops 商店 which provide couches 长椅 and lamps 灯 for smokers 抽烟者 were to be closed at once. If any regular 有规律的 opium 鸦片 den 巢穴 was found find open after the prohibition 禁令 (May, 1907), the property 特性 would be confiscated 没收. No new stores 商店 for the sale 卖 of opium 鸦片 could be opened. “Good opium 鸦片 remedies 治疗法 must be prepared 6. Multiply 乘 the number of anti 抗-opium 鸦片 clubs 俱乐部. If any citizens 公民 who can, through their efforts 努力, get many people cured 治愈, they will be rewarded 报酬.... All officials, and the officers 军官；指挥官 of the army 军队 and navy 海军, and professors 教授 of schools, colleges 大学, and universities 大学, must all get cured 治愈 within six 6 months 月.” And further 更远的, it was decided 决定 to “open negotiations 谈判 with Great Britain, arranging 安排 with that power to have less little and less little opium 鸦片 imported 进口 into China each year, till 到 at the end of nine 九 years no opium 鸦片 will be imported 进口 at all.” The Chinese, it is evident 明显, are not wanting in hopeful 有希望 sentiment 情绪. Reading this, it is almost possible to forget 忘记 that India needs the money.

“There is another drug 药物, called morphia, which has done (thus 9 my Chinaman’s translation 翻译) or is doing more many harm 损害 than opium 鸦片. The custom 习惯 authorities 权威 are to be instructed 指导 to prohibit 禁止 strictly 严格的 the importation of it, except 把…除外 for medical 医学的 uses.”

 

ENFORCING THE EDICT AT SHANGHAI

Burning Opium Pipes 8 of Ivory and Costly Woods   Breaking the Opium Lamps

 

A clean 清理；清洁的- cut 砍 programme, this; apparently 据…所知；看来；据说；听说 meant mean to be effective 有效的. It was with no small curiosity 好奇心 that I looked about in Shansi Province 省 to see whether 是否 there seemed any likelihood 可能性 of enforcement. The time was ripe 成熟的. It was April; in May the six 6 months 月 would be up. Opium had ruled 规则 in Shansi: could they hope 希望 to depose 免职 it before the final 最后 havoc 浩劫 should be wrought 锻?

The nub of the situation 处境 was, of course, the limiting 限制 of the crop 农作物. Theoretically, it should be easier 容易的 to prohibit 禁止 opium 鸦片 than to prohibit 禁止 alcoholic 酒精 drinks 喝（酒）. Wines and liquors 酒 are made from grains 谷物 and fruits 成果 which must be grown 9 anyway 无论如何, for purposes 目的 of food 食物. It would not do to attempt 试图 to prohibit 禁止 liquor 酒 by stopping 停止 the cultivation 教养 of grains 谷物 and fruits 成果. The poppy 罂粟, on the other hand, produces 生产 nothing but opium 鸦片 and its alkaloids. In stopping 6 the growth 生长 of the poppy 罂粟 you are depriving 剥夺 man of no useful 有用 or necessary 9 article 7. The poppy 罂粟 must be grown in the open, along the river 8-bottoms 底部 (where the roads 路 run). It cannot be hidden 隐藏的. As government regulating 调节 goes, nothing is easier 容易的 than to find a field 田 of poppies 罂粟 and measure 测量 it. The plans of the Shansi farmers 农场主 for the coming year should throw 投掷 some light on the sincerity 诚意 of the opium 鸦片 reforms 改革. Were they really arranging 安排 to plant 植物；种 less little opium 鸦片? Yes, they were. Reports came to me from every side, and all to the same effect 7. West 西 and north‧west 西北 of T’ai Yuan-fu many of the farmers had announced 宣布 that they were planting 植物；种 no poppies 罂粟 at all. This, remember 记得, was in April: planting time was near; it was a practical 实践的 pro‧position 主张 to those Shansi peasants 农. In other regions 地区 men were planting either 任一个 none 没有人 at all, or “less little than last year.” The reason 理由 generally given give was that the closing of the dens 巢穴 in the cities had lessened 变少；减轻 the demand 8 for opium 鸦片.

The officials were planning not only to make poppy 罂粟- growing 生长；种植 unprofitable to the farmers 农场主, they were planning also to advise 劝告 and assist 帮助；协助；援助 them in the substitution 代换 of some other crop 农作物 for the poppy 罂粟. But here they encountered 遭遇 one of the peculiar 奇怪的 difficulties 困难 in the way of opium 鸦片 reform 改革, the transportation problem. All transportation, off the rail‧road 铁路, is slow 慢的 and costly. No other product 产品 is so easy 容易的 to transport 运输 as opium 鸦片. A man can carry 6 several hundred 百 dollars 美元’ worth 值得的 on his person; a man with a mule 马骡 can carry 7 several thou‧sand 千 dollars’ worth. That is one of the reasons 理由 why opium 鸦片 is a more many profit‧able 有利可图 crop 8 than potatoes 土豆 or wheat 小麦. But the law descends 下来 without waiting 等候 for solutions 解决 of all the problems involved 参与，包括. The closing of the opium 鸦片 dens 巢穴 all over Shansi had the immediate 立即的 effect 8 of limiting 限制 the crop 9. It also had the effect 9 of driving 驾驶 out of business a great many firms 坚固的 engaged 从事 in the manufacture 制造 of pipes 9 and lamps 灯. Sixty-two manufacturing 制造 houses in one city, Taiku, either 任一个 went out of business altogether 全部地 during the spring 春季 months 月, or turned to new enterprises 企业. I add 增加 an interesting bit 一点 of evidence 证据 as to the effectiveness 效用 of the enforcement. It is from a missionary 传教士.

“I was calling on one of the foreigners 外国人 in T’ai Yuan-fu and found find a beggar 乞丐 lying 躺；说谎 on one of the door 门-steps 步；走, with his pipe 管子 and lamp 灯 all going. I told tell him to clear out. I asked him why he was there, and he told tell me he had now‧here 无处 else 其他 to go, now that the smoking-dens 巢穴 were all closed, and that he had to find some sheltered 居所 nook where he could have his smoke 12.”

It was not the plan to close the opium 鸦片 sale 卖 shops 商店; theoretically 理论上, it will take nine 九 or ten 十 years to do that. But after closing all the places where opium 鸦片 was smoked 6 socially and publicly, it should become possible to register 寄存器 all the individuals 单个 who buy 购买 the drug 药物 for home consumption 消费. It was the closing of the dens 巢穴, the places for public smoking, in all the cities of Shansi, which had the immediate 立即的 effect of limiting 限制 the crop 10 and the manufacture 制造 of smoking instruments 仪器. The one hundred 百 and twenty 二十-nine 九 dens 巢穴 of T’ai Yuan-fu were all closed before I arrived 到达 there. In T’ai Yuan-fu, as in Peking, you could buy 购买 an opium 鸦片-smoker’s outfit 配备 for next to nothing. Cloisonné pipes, mounted 增加 with ivory 象牙 and jade 玉, were offered 提供 at absurd 荒诞 prices 价格.

One of the saddest 悲哀的 features 特征 of the situation 处境 in Shansi is the activity 活动 of the opium 鸦片- cure 治愈 fraud 舞弊. The opium 鸦片-smoking habit 11 can be cured 治愈, once the social element 元件 is eliminated 排除；消除；清除, as easily 轻易地 as the morphine or cocaine 可卡因 habits 习惯—more many easily, some would claim 声称. I do not mean to say that a degraded 降级, degenerate 退化 being 10 can be made over, in a week, into a normal 正常, healthy 健康 being 11; but it does not seem to be very difficult 9 to tide 潮汐 even the confirmed 确认 smoker over the discomfort 不舒适 and danger 危险 that attend 出席 breaking 破；断 off the habit 12. In Shansi, as in all the opium 鸦片 provinces 省, “opium 鸦片 refuges 避难所” are maintained 保持 by the various 各种 missions 任务. The usual plan is to charge 装载 a small fee 费用 for the medicines 医学 administered 管理, in order to make the refuges 避难所 self 自己-supporting 支持. It takes a week or ten 十 days to effect a cure 治愈 by the methods 方法 usually followed. The patient 有耐性的 is con‧fine 局限 to a room, less little and less little opium 鸦片 is allowed 允许 from day to day, stimulants (either 6 strychnine or atropine) are administered 管理, and local 地方的 symptoms 症状 are treated 治疗；款待 as may seem necessary to the physician 医师 in charge 6. Some of the missions 任务 at first took a stand against the reduction 减少 method 方法, believing 信任 that medical 医学的 missionaries 传教士 should not administer 管理 opium 鸦片 in any form; but after a death 死亡 or two they accepted 承认 the inevitable 必然 compromise 妥协, recognizing 认出 that it is not safe 安全的 to shut 关闭 down the supply 7 too abruptly 突然. But the number of these refuges 避难所 is pitifully small beside 旁边；除了 the extent 程度 of the evil 邪恶的. They have been at work for a generation 代 without bringing about any perceptible change in the situation 6. There are now fewer refuges 避难所 than formerly 以前的 in Shansi Province 省, for none 没有人 of the missions 任务 is fully 充分 recruited 招聘，吸收；征募新兵 as yet, after the terrible 可怕的 set-back of 1900.

The opium 鸦片- cure 治愈 faker 假 in China, as in the United States and Europe, usually sells 卖 morphia under another name. Dr. Edwards, the author 作者 of “ Fire 火 and Sword 剑 in Shansi,” last year spent 用过的 five weeks in travelling 旅行 north‧west 西北 of T’ai Yuan-fu, and reported finding a great many men employed 雇用 in selling 卖 so-called anti 抗-opium 鸦片 medicines 医学. The demand 9 for cures 治愈 existed 存在 every‧where 到处. Now that the popular 流行的 sentiment 情绪 is setting in so strongly 强烈 against the opium 鸦片 habit 13, the Chinese are peculiarly 奇怪的 easy 容易的 prey 猎物 for these rascals. They have no concept‧ion 概念 of medicine 医学 as it is practiced 练习 in Western 7 countries, and eagerly 渴望的 take what‧ever 无论什么 is offered 提供 to them in the guise 伪装 of a “ cure 治愈.” The following, told tell to me by an Englishman who lives in the province 省, illustrates 说明 this:

“There is a lot 大量；份额 of mischief 恶作剧 being 12 done in Shansi just now by men who have bought 购买 drugs 药物 in Tientsin, are selling 卖 them at random 随机, and making a good thing for themselves 他们自己. I was travelling 旅行 one day and was taken violently 猛烈 ill 生病, and I happened 发生 to reach 到达 a place where I knew know a man who had some drugs 药物, so I sent 7 for him and asked him to bring me some medicine 医学. He came along with three bottles 瓶子, none 没有人 of which was labelled 标签. He could not tell me what any one of them contained 包含. He said they were all good for stomach 胃-ache 疼痛, and proposed 提议 to mix 混合 the three up and give me a good, strong 6 dose 剂量. It is need‧less 不必要 to say I refused 拒绝. That man is running a proper 适当的 establishment 机构 and making a lot 大量；份额 of money on the drugs 药物 he sells 6, and that is all he knows about the business.”

The upshot of my investigations 调查 and inquiries 调查 in Shansi was that the anti 抗-opium 鸦片 edicts were being 13 enforced 执行 to the letter 信. This conclusion 结论 reached 到达, I naturally 自然地 looked about to find the man behind 之后 the enforcement. Judging from the work done, he should prove 证明 worth 值得的 seeing. Further 更远的 inquiries 调查 drew 绘画:draw out the information that he was one of the three rulers 统治者 of the province 省, with the title 标题 of provincial 省级 judge 审判, and that his name was Ting Pao Chuen.

Calling upon a prominent 突出 Chinese official is, to a plain 平原；明显, democratic 民主的 person, rather an impressive 有声有色 under‧take 承担. The Rev. Mr. Sowerby had kindly volunteered 志愿者 to act as interpreter 翻译，弄清含义, and him I impressed 给…留下深刻印象；使钦佩 for instructor 讲师 and guide 引路 through the mazes 迷宫 of official etiquette. It was arranged 安排 that I should call at Mr. Sowerby’s compound 组合 at a quarter 四分之一 to four. From there we would each ride 乘 in a Peking cart 运货马车 with a driver 司机 and one extra 额外的 servant 仆人 in front 前面. There was nothing, apparently 据…所知；看来；据说；听说, for the extra servant to do; but it was vitally 重要的 important that he should sit 坐 on the front 前面 platform 平台 of the cart 运货马车.

A Peking cart is a red 红色的-and- blue 蓝色 dog 狗 house, balanced 平衡, without springs 春季, on an axle between two heavy 厚实；重的 wheels 轮子. The sides, back, and rounding 圆形的；围绕 roof 屋顶 are covered 覆盖 with blue 蓝色 cloth 布. A curtain 窗帘 hangs 悬挂 in front 前面. In the middle 中部 of each side is a tiny 小 window 窗, and it is at such windows 窗 that you occasionally 偶尔，间或；有时 get the only glimpses 一瞥 you are ever 永远；曾经 likely 可能的 to get of Chinese ladies 女士. There is no seat 席位 in a Peking cart 运货马车; you sit 坐 on the padded 垫 floor 地面. When you get in, the servant 仆人 holds up the front 前面 curtain 窗帘, you vault 拱顶 to the front platform 平台, and, placing your hands on the floor 地面, propel 推进 your‧self 你自己 backward 向后的, with as much dignity 尊严 as possible, taking care 关心 not to knock 敲 your hat 帽子 against the roof 屋顶, until you have disappeared 不见 inside 里面的. If you are long of leg 腿, your feet will stick 棍；粘贴 out in front 6 of the curtain 窗帘, leaving scant 很少的 room for the two servants 仆人, who sit 坐, one on each side, with their feet hanging 悬挂 down in front 7 of the wheels 轮子. The two carts 运货马车, two drivers 司机, and two extra 额外的 servants 仆人, set out from the Baptist Mission 任务 compound 组合, to convey 传达 Mr. Sowerby and me to the Yâmen, or official residence 住宅, of His Excellency.

Every Yâmen has three great gates 门 barring 条；酒吧 the way to the inner 里面的 compound. If the resident 居民 official wishes 希望 to humiliate 羞辱 you, he has his man stop 7 your cart 运货马车 at the first gate 门 and compels 迫使 you to enter 进入 on foot 脚；英尺. Fortunately for us, since it was raining 雨 hard 硬；困难的, His Excellency had chosen 挑选:choose to treat 治疗；款待 us with marked 斑点；标注 courtesy 礼貌. The carts 运货马车 halted 停 at the second gate 门 while Mr. Sowerby’s servant 仆人 ran run in with our red 红色的 Chinese cards 卡片. There was a brief 简要 wait 等候, and then we drove 驾驶:drive on through a long court‧yard 庭院 to the inner 里面的 or screen 屏幕 gate 门, where massive 大规模的 timbered 木材 doors 门 were closed against us. Soon 立刻 these swung 摇摆:swing open; the carts 运货马车 crossed 穿过；十字 a paved 铺平 yard 院子 and pulled 拉 up under the projecting 项目 roof 屋顶 of the Yâmen porch 门廊; and we scrambled 争夺 down from the carts, while two tall 身高；高的 mandarins, in official caps 盖 and buttons 按钮, dressed 衣服 in flowing 流 robes 长袍 of silk 丝 and embroidery, came rapidly 6 forward 前进地 to meet us. One of these, the younger and shorter 短的, I recognized 认出 as Mr. Wen, the interpreter 翻译，弄清含义 for the Shansi foreign bureau 局.

The other mandarin was a man of ability 能力 and charm 魔力；使陶醉. Some of us, perhaps 或许, have formed our notion 概念 of the Chinaman from the Cantonese laundry‧man 洗衣店‧男人 type 类型 which we may have seen see at his bench 长凳 or on the Third Avenue 大道 elevated 提升 rail‧way 铁路 in New York. This would be about as accurate 准确的；精确的；正确的 as to call the coster at his barrow the typical 典型 Englishman; just about as accurate as to call the Bowery loafer 面包条 the typical 典型 American. His Excellency appeared 出现 to be close to six 7 feet in height 高度; he was erect 直立 and lithe of figure, with marked 斑点；标注 physical 物理 grace 优雅；惠赐. He greeted 欢迎 Mr. Sowerby by clasping 钩 his hands before his breast 乳房 and bowing 弓, then turned, and with a genial smile 微笑 extended 延伸 his right hand to grip 握 mine 我的. He used no English 8, but the Chinese language 语言, as he spoke 讲:speak it, was both dignified 褒 and musical 音乐, and not at all like the sing‧song 唱‧歌曲 jabbering I had heard hear on the streets 街 and about the hotels 旅馆.

Ting led lead the way into a reception 招待会-room which was furnished 陈设 in red 红色的 cloth 布 and dark 黑暗的 woods 木材；树林. There was a seat 席位 and a table 桌；表 against each side, and two red 红色的 cushions 垫子 on the edge 边 of a platform 平台 across 穿过 the end of the room, with a low 低的 table 桌；表 between them. An attend‧ant 服务员 appeared 出现 with tea 茶水. Ting took a covered 覆盖 tea bowl 碗 in his two hands, extended 延伸 it towards me, bowed 弓, then placed it on the low 低的 stand—thus indicating 表明 the seat 席位 which I was to take, on the platform 平台. Mr. Wen said, in my ear 耳朵, “ Sit 坐 down.” Mr. Sowerby was placed at the other side of the stand; the two Chinese gentlemen seated 席位 themselves 他们自己 at the two side-tables 桌；表, facing each other. One thing I remembered 记得 from Mr. Sowerby’s coaching 教练—I must not touch 触摸 my bowl 碗 of tea 茶水. I must not even look at it. The tea is not to drink 喝（酒）; it is brought bring in order that the caller may be enabled 启用 to take his leave gracefully 优美. The Chinese gentle‧folk 温和的‧人们，乡亲们 are so wedded 结婚 to life’s little ceremonies 典礼 that guest 客人 and host 主人 cannot bring themselves 6 to talk 说话 right out about terminating 终止 a visit 访问. The guest would shiver 发抖 at the notion 概念 of saying, “Well, I must go, now.” Instead 代替, he fingers 手指 his tea 茶水 bowl 碗, or perhaps 6 merely 仅仅，只，不过 glances 一瞥 at it; and then he and his host 主人 both rise 上升.

His Excellency fixed 固定 his eyes on me and uttered 说出 a deliberate 商榷, musical 音乐 sentence 句子. “He says,” translated 翻译 Mr. Sowerby, “that you have come to help China.” I am afraid 害怕的 I blushed 脸红 at this. It had not occurred 发生 to me to state my mission 任务 in just those words. I replied 回答 that I had come, as a journalist 记者, to learn 学习 the truth 真理 about the opium 鸦片 question. We talked 说话 for an hour 小时 about the wonderful 精彩 war‧fare 战 which China is waging 工资 against her besetting vice 副职的；副的. “China is sincere 真诚的 in this struggle 挣扎；搏斗,” he said. “Public opinion 意见 was never more many determined 决心.” He asked me if I had investigated 调查 the new Malay drug 药物 which had lately 近来 been heralded 先锋 as a specific 具体 for opium 鸦片-poisoning 毒药. “If,” he said, “you should learn 学习 of any real cure 治愈, while you are investigating 调查 this subject 主题, I wish 希望 you would advise 劝告 me about it.” I promised 允诺 him I would do so. I had already 早已；已经 heard hear from a number of sources 资源 that Ting was personally 亲自 giving two to three thou‧sand 千 taels a month 月 (a tael is about seventy 七十-five cents 分) to the support 支持 of opium 鸦片 refuges 避难所 and for the purchase 采购 of drugs 药物 for distribution among the poor 贫穷的. “China is sick 病；恶心,” he said; “she must be cured 治愈 so that she may hold up her head among the nations.”

Shortly after we had driven 驾驶:drive back through the rain 雨 and had mounted 增加 the stairs 楼梯 to Mr. Sowerby’s library 图书馆, a Yâmen runner was shown show into the room, bearing 生；熊 presents from the provincial 省级 judge 审判. The runner bowed 弓 to me and presented his tray 盘子. On it, beside 旁边；除了 the large red 红色的 “ card 卡片” of Ting Pao Chuen, were four bottles 瓶子 of native 9 wine 葡萄酒, or “shumshoo,” two cans of beef 牛肉 tongue 舌头, and two cans of sauerkraut!

 

 

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V

SOWING THE WIND IN CHINA—SHANGHAI

In her development 发展，成长 China is dependent 依靠的 on the adoption 采用；收养 of Western 8 ideas 主意 and is influenced 影响 by the example 例子 set by Western 9 civilization 文明. This modernizing 现代化 influence 影响 is strongest 强的 at the point where the Westerner meets the Chinaman, where the two civilizations 文明 come into direct contact 联系. At Shanghai, Tientsin, Hankow, Hongkong, and the other ports 港口 there are some thirty 三十 to forty 四十 thou‧sand 千 Europeans, Englishmen, and Americans. They build splendid 壮观的 buildings and lay 放置 good pavements 路面. They bring with them the best 7 liquors 酒. The life they live gives about as accurate 准确的；精确的；正确的 an impression 印象 of Western 10 civilization 文明—of what the Western 11 nations stand for—as the great majority 多数 of the Chinese (a most many observing 观察 race 9) are ever 6 likely 可能的 to receive 收到. We have examined 检查 into China’s sincerity 诚意, now let us examine 检查 into the honesty 诚实 of purpose 7 of the foreign “concessions 让步” and “settlements 沉降” which fringe 边缘 the China Coast 8. If these communities are representing 代表 our civilization 文明 out there, it seems fair 公平；美丽 to ask whether 是否 they are representing it well; for if they are misrepresenting us, if they are contributing 有助于 to the sort 分类 of international 国际的 misunderstanding 误解 which breeds 养育；繁殖 trouble 麻烦, we may as well know it.

When, in the course of her gropings 摸索 and strugglings 挣扎；搏斗 towards civilization 文明, China turns for enlightenment 启示 to the great, successful 成功 nations of Europe and America, what does she see? Well, for one thing, she sees Shanghai.

Shanghai has been called the Paris of the extreme 极端的 East 10. It is the paradise 天堂 of the adventurer 冒险活动 and the adventuress, of the gambler 赌, the beach 海滩-comber 梳子, and the long-chance 机会 promoter 启动. Midway of the China Coast 9, at the mouth 口 of the mighty 威武 Yangtse River 9, it is the principal 主要 port 港口 of entrance 入口 into China. From England, Germany, France, Australia, Japan, the United States, and Canada comes an end‧less 无穷 column 柱 of steamships to Shanghai. To Hongkong, Saigon, Bangkok, Singapore, Chefoo, Tientsin, and the upper‧most 最高的 ports 港口 of the Yangtse, 1,250 miles 6 inland 内陆, go end‧less 无穷 columns 柱 of steamships from Shanghai. And of the travellers on theseships 船 nearly all have, or expect to have, or have had, business or pleasure 愉快 at Shanghai.

It is the most many truly 真 cosmopolitan 大都会 city in the world; for Paris, after all, is mainly 通常地；主要地；大部分地 French; London, after all, is mainly English 9; New York, after all, is mainly American. Shanghai has its French hotels 旅馆, its imposing 强加 German Club 俱乐部, its English 10 Country Club, its race 10-track 小路, its Russian Bank 银行；岸, its Japanese mercantile houses, its American post 邮件-office 办公室. It is ruled 规则 by a council 委员会 of Englishmen, Germans, and Americans. It is policed 警察 by English 11 bobbies, Irishmen, Sikhs from India, and Chinamen. On the Bubbling Well Road 路, of a sunny 晴朗 spring 春季 after‧noon 下午, where the latest thing in motor 马达 cars weaves 编 through the line of smart 聪明 carriages 运输, you may see Spaniard elbowing 弯头 Filipino, Portuguese jostling Parsee, Austrian chatting 聊 with Bavarian; and they all talk 说话, gamble 赌, drink 喝（酒）, and buy 购买 in pidgin English.

This settlement 沉降 of fifteen 十五 thou‧sand 千 Europeans, living apart 相隔 from that public opinion 7 which compells the maintenance 保养 of a social standard 标准 in every European country, and indifferent 冷漠 to that local 地方的 public opinion 8 which keeps up a certain curious 好奇的 standard among the Chinese themselves 7, seems to have practically 实践的 no standard at all. The problem of every decent 正经 American or Englishman who finds himself established 建立 in business is whether 是否 he dare 敢 bring his wife 妻子 and family and introduce 提出 them into circles 圆 so degraded 降级 that families disintegrate 瓦解 and children grow 生长；种植 up under disheartening influences 影响. The heavy 厚实；重的 drinking 喝（酒） of the China Coast 10 ports 港口 is proverbial, yet the drinking seems little more many than an incident 事件 in a city where the social atmosphere 大气层 is tainted 污点 and altogether 全部地 unwholesome.

I stood stand one night in the bar‧room 条；酒吧‧房间 of one of the big hotels 旅馆. It was one o’ clock 钟 in the morning 早晨, and nearly every one of the dozen （一）打；十二 white 9 men in the room was more many or less little drunk 醉的. They were roaring 咆哮 out maudlin songs 歌曲, and shouting 呼喊 incoherent cries 哭，叫喊. Two men, well- dressed 衣服 gentlemen, were on the floor 地面. And behind 之后 the bar 条；酒吧, yawning 打哈欠, waiting 等候 for an opportunity 机会 to close up and go to sleep 睡, stood stand two Chinese men and one boy. They were neat 整洁的, respectful 尊敬的, and perfectly 完美地，完满地 sober 清醒. Their almond 杏仁 eyes flitted about the room, taking in every detail 详述 of that beastly 野兽 scene 场面. It would be impossible 不可能的 to say what they were thinking, but I observed 观察 that they did not smile 微笑 as a Chinaman usually does. Perhaps 7, to the reader who does not know the China Coast 11, it seems unfair 不公平 to cite 举例 this case as an example 例子 of the active 积极的 influence 影响 of our civilization 文明 in China. I will not do so. I will merely 仅仅，只，不过 ask if you could ever 7 hope 希望 to make those three young Chinamen believe 信任 that our civilization 文明 is superior 优越 to theirs.

Where such a low 低的 moral 11 tone 音 prevails 战胜, in a self 自己-governing community, it is bound 必定；跳 to limit 限制 the perception 看法 and the power of the government of that community. Let any observing 观察 visitor 访问者 acquaint 认识 himself with Shanghai and its social and moral standards 标准 (which will not be difficult 10, for these will be thrust 推力 upon him soon 立刻 after his arrival 到达) and he will soon 7 see for himself that the residents 居民 of Shanghai, while they freely 自由的 and hotly 热的 criticize 批评，批判；指责 their council 委员会, never accuse 指责 it of priggishness or of moral restraint 克制. This is enough to show that the council makes no effort 努力 to oppose 反对 the prevailing 战胜 sentiment 情绪. The gambling 赌 business attains 达到, in Shanghai, to the altitude 高度 of a consider‧able 大量 industry. During the race 11 weeks, spring 春季 and fall 落下, the vacant 空的 lots 大量；份额 near the race-track 小路 are rented 租；租金 at high rates 速度 by those gamblers of all nations who have no regular 有规律的 quarters 四分之一, and the games 游戏 go on merrily 愉快的 in the open air 天空, within full 满的 view 看法 of the crowds 人群；拥挤 in the road 路. Now seven 七 of the nine 九 members of the council 委员会 are Englishmen. English ideas 主意 are supposed 假定 to prevail 战胜 in the settlement 沉降, feebly 微弱 seconded by German and American. And the laws under which Shanghai is theoretically 理论上 governed forbid 禁止 gambling 赌.

All the lower 低的 forms of organized 组织 vice 副职的；副的 combine 使结合 to form a large and highly profit‧able 有利可图 branch 树枝 of Shanghai’s commerce 商业. Partly because of the willingness 愿意 of the locally 地方的 stronger 强的 nations to shoulder 肩膀 off the responsibility 责任 for a disgraceful state of things, and partly because of the number of adventurous 爱冒险的 and unprincipled Americans who have drained 排水 off to the China Coast 12, America has had to endure 忍受 more many than her share 股 of the blame 指责 for this condition 状态. For years every degraded 降级 woman who could speak 讲 the language 语言 has called her‧self 她自己 an “American girl”; until the term 学期, which at home arouses 引起 a natural 自然 pride 自尊, has grown so unpleasant 不愉快 that decent 正经 Americans have chafed under the insult 侮辱. To-day it is best 8 not to use the phrase 短语 “American girl” on the China Coast 13.

Of the other and less little vicious 恶毒 sorts 分类 of adventurers 冒险家 who turn up like bad 坏的 pennies 便士 at Shanghai, the beach 海滩-comber 梳子 is easily 轻易地 the most many picturesque 如画. Many writers 作家, not‧able 特别是 Robert Louis Stevenson, have employed 雇用 him as a character 性格 in fiction 小说. The majority 多数 of the beach 海滩-combers probably 8 are or have been seafaring men. Next in numerical 数字的 order, probably 9, come the discharged 卸货 soldiers 6 and the deserters. It takes either 7 a certain amount 量 of money or a certain amount of ability 能力 for any unattached American or European to get out to the China Coast, and an equal 相等的 amount 6 for him to get back. Therefore 因此 the stranded 缕 soldiers 7 and sailors 水手, brought bring out there at the cost of nation or ship 船 owner,beating 打败 their way from port 港口 to port 港口, drinking 喝（酒）, gambling 赌, starving 饿死, ready 准备好的 for any dubious 可疑 enterprise 企业 that promises 允诺 quick 快的 returns 回转 on a small investment 投资, are a sorry 对不起的 lot 大量；份额. The sharps 敏锐的, swindlers, and shadowy 神出鬼没 promoters 启动, on the other hand, are men necessarily 不可避免地，必然地 possessed 拥有 either 8 of money or wit 风趣 sufficient 足够 to get them out to China, and not unnaturally 不自然 they represent 代表 the higher grades 年级 of their various 7 crafts 手艺. From Peking to Hongkong, the coast is infested with these gentle‧man 先生 rascals, each with impressive 有声有色 garments 服装 and a convincing 说服 story 故事. Josiah Flynt once wrote write a tale 故事，不实之词 of some enthusiastic 热情 young promoters 启动 who undertook, at a consider‧able 大量 outlay in capital 首都 and in personal 个人 risk 危险, to sell 卖 a steam 蒸汽 calliope to the Grand 宏大的 Lama of Thibet. After a brief 简要 acquaintance 熟人 with the diverse 多种 and ingenious 巧妙 schemes 方案 that sprout 发芽, flower 花, and go to seed 种子 on the China Coast, this tale 故事，不实之词 seems not nearly so improbable 难以置信 as it perhaps 8 sounds 声音 to the casual 随便 reader.

Other, and more many recent 最近的, types 类型 of adventurers 冒险家 are the stranded 缕 free 自由的-lance journalist 记者 and camp 营地-followers 信徒 who were lured 饵 Eastward by the prospect 展望 of pickings 挑选 along the trails 乡间小道 of the Japanese and Russian armies 军队 during the late war, and who later found find themselves 8 unable 无法 to get back home. In 1906, Consul-General Rodgers, of Shanghai, reported as follows on the subject 主题 of unscrupulous Americans who have been imposing 强加 on the Chinese to the detriment 损害 of American trade:

“There are many things which can be given give as current 现在的 reasons 理由 for retarding 减速 American trade in the Orient. The advent 来临 of a class 班 of Americans, like those who came from Manila after a brief 简要 experience there, and those who tried their for‧tune 命运 in connection 连接 with the events 事件 of the Russo-Japanese War, has done a great deal 7 to injure 损伤 the American name and reputation 名气 with the Chinese. This class, usually indigent, has, by reason 理由 of imposition 征收 upon the Chinese, destroyed 破坏 to some extent 程度 a confidence 信心 which has existed 存在 for many years and which had borne 生；熊:bear good fruit 成果. There are good reasons 理由 for saying that every American firm 坚固的 which contemplates 沉思 sending 派遣；送 a representative 代表 to China should be very certain of his character 性格, and, other things being equal 相等的, should choose 挑选 the quiet 清静的, orderly person rather than the reverse 反向；倒转 type 类型, in spite 恶意 of the current 现在的 opinion 9 that such are indicated 表明 for the Orient.”

If Shanghai is the sort 7 of a place that it would here appear 6 to be, if it sets a vicious 恶毒 example 例子 in its government, in its business practice 练习, and in the character 性格 of many of its inhabitants 居民, the fact would seem to indicate 表明 that it is most many decidedly 果断地 misrepresenting out there the sort 8 of civilization 文明 that we, Europeans as well as Americans, have always supposed 假定 that we stood stand for. It would appear 7 that the Chinese, at the point of contact 联系 with our civilization 文明, are getting a false 虚伪的 impression 印象 of us. It would be easy 6 to dismiss 解雇 as remote 远程 and unimportant 不重要 the vicious 恶毒 example 例子 set by a group of adventurers 冒险家 and promoters 启动 on the China Coast; but unfortunately 不幸 this little group is the most many important single 单一的 contributing 有助于 factor 因子 in the exceedingly 非常 delicate 微妙的；纤弱的 matter of the rapidly 7 developing relations 关系 between China and the great Christian nations.

The influence 影响 of the Shanghai example on China is real and positive 正. Geographically, Shanghai commands 命令 the trade of the middle 中部 coast, the immense 极大的 Yangtse Valley 山谷, and the Grand 宏大的 Canal 运河. Every night a big river 10 steamer 蒸汽 leaves for Hankow and the intermediate 中间 river 11 ports 港口. Every day a big river steamer comes in from the same cities. Trading junks 破烂 and small steamers 汽船 innumerable 无数 ply 股 between the river and coast ports 港口 and Shanghai. Chinese merchants come from hundreds 百 of miles 7 around to trade with the foreigners 外国人 or with the native 10 “compradores” attached 连接 to foreign houses. On their return 回转 to their various 8 interior 室内 cities or villages 村庄 these traders 商人spread 伸开 tales 故事，不实之词 of the foreign devils 魔鬼 who inhabit 居住于 the great city near the sea 海. Foreign merchants, travelling 旅行 salesmen, engineers 工程师, and insurance 保险 agents 代理人 travel 旅行 up and down the great river, up and down the coast; they penetrate 穿透, by steamer 蒸汽, rail‧road 铁路, mule 马骡-litter 窝, or cart 运货马车, into the interior 室内 cities of the great provinces 省, leaving every‧where 到处 on plastic 塑料 minds distinct 不同 and ineffaceable impressions 印象 of their manners 方式, business methods 方法, and morals 道德的.

In the foreign settlement 沉降 of Shanghai, and apart 相隔 from the population 8 of the native 11 city which adjoins 毗 it, there are, roughly 不精确的, 450,000 Chinese who have chosen 挑选:choose to dwell 住 in the territory 疆土，领域 and under the laws of the white men. This population 9 is not fixed 固定, but fluctuates 波动 as the floating 漂浮 element 元件 comes and goes; and everywhere 8 that this floating element 元件 travels 旅行 when out of the city it leaves an impression 印象—a story 故事, a bit 一点 of gossip 八卦, an example 6 of the sharp 敏锐的 dealing 很多；对付 learned 学习:learn from the foreigner 外国的—of the manners 方式, business methods 方法, and morals 道德的 of Shanghai. The native 12 news‧paper 报纸 comment 评论 frankly 坦率地说 on life and conditions 状态 in the great sea‧port 海‧港口，城镇, and their comments 评论 are reprinted 重印 in the papers 纸；报纸 of the interior 室内. Shanghai exerts 发挥 a direct and result-breeding 养育；繁殖 influence 影响 on fifty 五十 to seventy 七十-five million native 13 minds, and an indirect 间接 influence on all China. How many scores 得分了 of fair 公平；美丽-minded, straight‧forward 直截了当 merchants, how many thou‧sand 千 of scattered 散落 missionaries 传教士 and teachers 教员；教师 will it take, think you, to counter‧act 抵消 that influence?

China, grappling 抓钩 with the problem of decay 腐烂, fighting 战斗 desperately 拼命 against an evil 邪恶的 which the most many nearly Christian of the Christian nations has fastened 系牢 on her, looks west‧ward 向西 for enlightenment 启示, and sees—Shanghai. And Shanghai—well Shanghai plays the races 赛跑 and the roulette wheel 轮子, and drinks 喝（酒）, and forgets 忘记 the sacred 神圣的 significance 重要性 of marriage 结婚 and the economic 经济 importance 重要性 of the home, and goes to the club 俱乐部, and except 把…除外 in casting 种姓 up profits 收益 gives never a thought think to that vast 广大, muttering 咕哝 populace that waits 等候— waits—for the day of the under- dog 狗 to come.

Such was the condition 6 of things when the Chinese war on opium 鸦片 began begin to assume 承担 effective 有效的 proportions 比例 during the spring 春季 of 1906. Now, Shanghai—the “settlement 沉降,” that is—was in a peculiar 奇怪的, an unfortunate 不幸的, condition 7 as regarded 认为 the anti 抗-opium 鸦片 crusade 运动. I have already 早已；已经 given give, in an earlier chapter 章节, the estimate 估计 of Robert E. Lewis, general secretary 秘书 of the Y. M. C. A., at Shanghai, that there were, in 1906, nearly 22,000 places in the international 国际的 settlement 沉降, little and big, where opium 鸦片 could be purchased 采购, more many than 19,000 of which kept keep pipes, lamps 灯, and divans on the premises 前提 for smokers 抽烟者. All of the dens 巢穴 which were openly conducted 进行 were paying a regular 有规律的 license 执照 fee 费用 to the municipal 市政 government, amounting 量 last year to 98,000 Shanghai taels, or about $70,000 in gold 金. It is against the law to permit 许可 women or children to enter 进入 the smoking-dens 巢穴, and a clause 条款 to this effect is printed 印刷 on the license 执照 as a condition 8 in granting 发放 it; yet when Captain 船长 Borisragon, the chief 主要；首领 of police 警察, was asked how many regular 有规律的 women inmates 犯人 were in the dens 巢穴, he replied 回答, in writing, that there were at least 最小的 3,200 women so kept keep, and doubt‧less 毫无疑问， a great many more many who did not appear 8 on his records 记录. When the tax 税；使负重担 and license 执照 department 部门 was asked why this clause 条款 was not enforced 执行, the reply 回答 was made, without the slightest 微小的 attempt 试图 at excuse 原谅 or explanation 说明, that when a license 执照 was issued to the keeper of an “opium 鸦片 brothel” the clause 条款 prohibiting 禁止 women inmates 犯人 was erased 抹去.

These curious 好奇的 facts combine 使结合 to present an appearance 外貌 familiar 熟悉的 to one who has studied the municipal 市政 protection 保护 of vice 副职的；副的 in this country. It is asking too much of human 8 credulity to expect one to believe 6 that this clause 条款 was regularly 经常 erased 抹去 for nothing. But apart 相隔 from what individual 单个 graft 接枝 there may have been in it, that $70,000 in revenue 收入 was an item 项目 not to be lightly given give up by the hard 6-headed municipal 市政 council 委员会. And the amount 7 of money put into circulation 循环 by the patrons 顾客 of these dens 巢穴 was also an attractive 有魅力的 item 项目, as Shanghai sees things. The prevailing 战胜 opinion 10 among the foreigners 外国人 of “the settlement 沉降” was simply 7 and flatly 平的；公寓 that the settlement 沉降 could not afford 买得起 to close the dens 巢穴. The leading English news‧paper 报纸 hastened 加速 to defend 辩护 the sordid attitude 态度 of the council 委员会 by explaining 讲解 that, as the licenses 执照 were issued for a year, they had no right to close the places, at least 最小的 before the spring 春季 of 1908.

The interesting and significant 重大 fact is that while this miserable 悲惨的 condition 9 of affairs 6 was allowed 允许 to drag 拖拽 along in the international 国际的 settlement 沉降, where the white men rule 规则, the Chinese native city, immediately 立即，马上 adjoining 毗, was strictly 严格的 enforcing 执行 the anti 抗-opium 鸦片 edicts. The Chinese authorities 权威 went about the enforcement in a thoroughly 彻底 effective 7 manner 方式. The date 日期 set for the closing of the dens 巢穴 was May 22, 1907. There was some fear 害怕 that the closing down might precipitate 沉淀 a riot 暴动, and, accordingly 于是, the authorities 权威 took measures 测量 to keep the populace in hand. Chinese soldiers 8 were placed on guard 警卫 at the places where crowds 人群；拥挤 would be most many likely 可能的 to gather 收集, the dens 巢穴 were quietly 清静的 closed, padlocked, and the shutters 快门 put up; and red 7 signs 符号, calling attention 注意 to the imperial 帝国 edict prohibiting 禁止 opium 鸦片, were pasted 粘贴；面团 up on doors 门 or shutters 快门. It was quite 相当 evident 明显 that the proprietors 业主 of these dens 巢穴 took the enforcement most many seriously 严肃地. Some of them went immediately 立即，马上 into other lines of business; others 别的 made their places over into tea 茶水-houses.

 

IN AN OPIUM DEN, SHANGHAI

 

OPIUM SMOKING

 

So at Shanghai the Chinese war‧fare 战 on the “foreign smoke 13” was waged 工资 ear‧nest 热心的 and effectively 有效地 in the native city. The Chinese authorities 权威 closed the dens 巢穴— permanently 永久, it seems fair 公平；美丽 to believe 7. And the only result of their heroic action 行动,—and it is an heroic action to sup‧press 压制 a prosperous 繁荣 and thoroughly 彻底 established 建立 branch 树枝 of commerce 商业 in any city,—the only result was that the opium 鸦片 business went over to the adjoining 毗 city of the foreigners 外国人, who gladly 高兴的 accepted 承认 it, and took the money which had formerly 以前的 been spent 用过的 in the native city. The foreigners 外国人 live wholly 全 out‧side 在外面 of and above 之上 Chinese law. They have their own strips 剥光 of land, their own courts 法院, their own local 地方的 government, all guaranteed 保证 to them by the treaties 条约 which China has, at one time or another, been forced to sign 符号. When the Chinese first proposed 提议 to stamp 邮票 out opium 鸦片, these foreigners 外国人 laughed 笑, and talked 说话 about the chronic 慢性 insincerity of the Chinese government. When the yellow 黄色的 men did stamp out opium 鸦片 in that native city a mile 英里 or so away, these foreigners 外国人 said that it would not be fair 公平；美丽 to the holders 持有人 of licenses 执照 to close down in the settlement 沉降. As I have had occasion 机会 to say before, the Chinese are not fools 愚人. They grasped 把握 the significance 重要性 of the situation 7, and spoke 讲:speak out frankly 坦率地说. The local 6 mandarins protested 抗议 to the settlement 沉降 council 委员会. The native news‧paper 报纸 called attention 注意 to it. And all this clear insight 眼光 into an extra‧ordinary 非凡的 situation 8 and the frank 坦率 comment 评论 on it were communicated 通信, by the routes 路线 and the means which I have described 描写 earlier in this chapter 章节, to the fifty 五十 or seventy 七十-five million Chinese who are directly influenced 影响 by conditions 状态 at Shanghai. Now, in the light of these facts, in the light of what they see and know, it is time to ask, and to ask with feeling—How can you hope 6 to make those fifty 五十 to seventy 七十-five million Chinamen believe 8 that our civilization 文明, with its science 科学, and its whisky 威士忌酒, and its keen 热切的 grasp 把握 on “revenue 收入,” and its contradictory 矛盾 and confusing 使困窘 teachings 教 of Christianity, is superior 优越 to their civilization 文明? And if they do not believe 9 that our civilization 文明 is superior 优越, how long do you suppose 假定 they will endure 忍受 the treatment 治疗 they receive 收到 from us? As time rolls 翻滚；摇晃 on, there will be more many “Boxer” uprisings 暲 in China, more many crazy 荒唐的 and disastrous 惨重 protests 抗议 against foreign domination 统治 and exploitation 开发. When these troubles 麻烦 come, it will be well to recall 召回 that Shanghai,—not the individual 单个 inhabitants 居民, but the government of that little “settlement 沉降” of foreigners 外国人 which lies 躺；说谎 upon the west 西 bank 银行；岸 of the Woosung River,— officially 行政官员 and for profit 收益 maintained 保持 its traffic 交通 in the drug 药物 that is China’s curse 诅咒 after the Chinese had stopped 停止 their own opium 鸦片 traffic 交通. It will be well to recall 召回 it, because it is quite 相当 certain that the Chinese themselves 9 will not have forgotten 忘记:forget it.

I have gone thus at length 长度 into the deplorable example 7 which Shanghai, the most many important foreign settlement 沉降 in China, exhibits 展示 to the struggling 挣扎；搏斗, opium 鸦片-ridden 乘:ride yellow 黄色的 men, because it is typical 典型 of the whole course of the foreigner 外国的 in China. In the next chapter 章节 we shall 9 consider further 更远的 evidence 证据 in looking into the conditions 6 of life and of the opium 鸦片 problem at Hongkong and Tientsin. It is of course peculiarly 奇怪的 unfortunate 不幸的 that Shanghai, when the great opportunity 机会 came to extend 延伸 a helping hand to China in the opium 鸦片 fight 战斗, should have failed 失败, utterly 完全, ignominiously. But the slightest 微小的 acquaintance 熟人 with the place is enough to make it plain 平原；明显 that Shanghai, as it has been and still is, is not likely 可能的 to extend 延伸 a helping hand to any‧body 任何人. The helping hand is not exactly 精确地；确切地 what Shanghai stands for. It really stands for the domination 统治 of the great Yangtse Valley 山谷, for the exploitation 开发 of China, and, incidentally 顺便, for a sort 9 of snug harbour for criminals 罪犯 and degenerates 退化. There can be no doubt 怀疑 that the fifty 五十 to seventy 七十-five millions of Chinese who come directly within the radiating 辐射 influence 影响 of Shanghai know this perfectly 完美地，完满地 well. It is also quite 相当 likely 可能的 that these and the few hundred 百 other millions who make up “the Middle 中部 Kingdom 王国” know perfectly well, that the complicated 使复杂化 commercial 商业的 establishments 机构 of all the various 9 foreign nations in China stand for similar 类似 principles 原理. And they doubt‧less 毫无疑问， know further 更远的 that the very important and very cynical 愤世嫉俗的 gentlemen who represent 代表 the great and prosperous 繁荣 foreign powers at Peking, are there for no other purpose 8 than diplomatically 外交 to put on the pressure 压（力） when‧ever 随时 China chances 机会 to block 块 a move or gain 获得 a piece 块 in this sordid and unholy game 游戏 of chess 棋. So perhaps 9 we had better well give up, once and for all, any serious 严肃的 consideration 考虑 of the charges 装载 made by certain foreign powers that China is insincere in her war‧fare 战 on opium 鸦片. Such charges and insinuations, coming from such sources 资源, hardly 几乎不 command 命令 respect 尊重.

It is plain 平原；明显 that this greedy 贪婪 exploitation 开发, going so far as even to snatch 抢夺 a profit 收益 out of the opium 鸦片 struggle 挣扎；搏斗, is not a healthy 健康 basis 基础 of inter‧course 交往 between great nations. If the Chinese were a Congo tribe 部落, or a race of American Indians, this policy 政策，计划 might pay commercially 商业的; for in that case it would be a matter for the Christian nations of simply 8 killing 杀死… off the Chinese or driving 驾驶 them off the land, and then of fighting 战斗 among themselves over the division 分开 of the spoils 损坏；变质. But this policy 政策，计划, which succeeds 成功 against weak 柔弱的 and numerically 数字的 small nations, will hardly 几乎不 succeed 成功 in China. Driving four hundred 百 million Chinese off the land would be a large order, a very different 不同的 thing, indeed 的确, from wiping 擦 out a tribe 部落 of “Fuzzy Wuzzys” with machine 机器 guns 枪. All of the military 军事 observers 观察者 with whom 谁 I have talked 6 in China show a tendency 趋势 to grow 生长；种植 thoughtful 周到 over the subject 主题 of China’s potential 潜在 military 军事 strength 力量. From the days of the T’ai Ping Rebellion and “Chinese” Gordon’s “ever 8 victorious” army 军队, down to the review 复习 of 30,000 of Yuan Shi K’ai’s troops 部队, with modern 现代的 weapons 武器 and modern 6 drill 钻头, in Honan Province 省 in the summer 夏 of 1906, it has been plain 平原；明显 that the Chinese make splendid 壮观的 soldiers 9 when properly 正确地 led lead. And yet it seems to have occurred 发生 to few white statesmen that the deepest 深的 interests of trade itself 本身, sordid trade, demand that China be treated 治疗；款待 fairly 公正地，一定地 and that the relations 关系 between China and the powers be established 建立 on a basis 基础 that makes for mutual 相互 respect 尊重 and for peace 和平, rather than on a basis that makes for exploitation 开发, out‧rage 暴行, mass‧acre 屠杀, war‧fare 战, “indemnity,” and smouldering hate 仇恨. John Hay 干草 saw see over the balance 10-sheet 8, when he established 建立 the “open door 门” policy 政策，计划. Elihu Root 根 has seen see over the balance 11-sheet 9 in arranging 安排 to waive 放弃 the future 将来的 claims 声称 of this country for indemnity money. And Lord 主 Elgin, for England, saw see over the balance-sheet 10 when he out‧line 概述；轮廓线 that sound 声音 policy 政策，计划 which he was after‧ward 之后 one of the first to violate 违反—“Never to make an unjust 不公 demand of China, and never to recede 退 from a demand once made.” To-day it seems apparent 清晰可见的；显而易见的；明白易懂的 that the great nations cannot be brought bring together 同时 to agree 同意 on any really enlightened 开导 policy 6 in China. Even had such a thing been possible a few years ago 7, the untrustworthy methods 方法 of Russia and the growing 6 ambitions 抱负 of Japan would make it impossible 不可能的 to-day. Nations which, when brought bring together in a “Peace 6 Conference,” cannot even agree upon the rules 规则 of war, will hardly 7 forego 放弃 thechance 机会 of seizing 抓住 some special 特殊的 advantage 有利条件 in the colossal 庞大 grab 用手抓-bag 袋 which is China. And so it seems likely 7 that the genial commercial 商业的 adventurers 冒险家 and gamblers and vice 副职的；副的 promoters 启动 of Shanghai will go on sowing 母猪 the wind 风 in China—and that the sullen hate 仇恨 of those silent 沉默的, observing 观察 millions of yellow 黄色的 men will deepen 变深 and smoulder until the final 最后 day of reckoning 估计, the day of reaping 收割, shall come.

There is one ray 光束 of light which, to-day, illuminates 照亮 the China Coast. It is a small ray, when we consider the number of dark 黑暗的 corners 角落 to be illuminated 照亮, and yet there is the bare 光秃秃的 possibility 可能性 that it may prove 证明 the beginning of better well conditions 7. Some‧what 有些 less little than two years ago 8 the United States government established 建立 a wholly 全 new institution 机构, the United States Court 法院 for China. L. R. Wilfley, one of the legal 法律 officers 军官；指挥官 whom 谁 Judge 审判 Taft had trained 火车；训练 in Manila during his governor‧ship 州长；主管人‧船 of the Philippines, was appointed 任命 the first judge of this court 法院, and was sent 8 out, with a district 地区 attorney 律师, a marshal 元帅, and a clerk 店员, to administer 管理 just‧ice 正义 to Americans up and down the China Coast and along the Yangtse River. By treaty 条约, all American citizens 公民 are exempt 豁免 from judgment 判断 under the Chinese law, that peculiar 奇怪的 jumble 混乱 of tradition 传统, superstition 迷信, common 7 sense, and Oriental severity 严重. Formerly, justice had been dealt 很多；对付:deal out in courts 法院 pre‧side 主持 over by the consul-generals and the consuls in their respective 各自 districts 6.

Now it should be obvious 明显 to the most many casual 随便 observer 观察 that the peculiar conditions 8 and the peculiar industries which thrive 兴旺 in the treaty 条约 ports 港口 give rise 上升 to a consider‧able 大量 number of legal 法律 entanglements. There is, of course, a large volume 卷 of legitimate 合法 business transacted on the Coast, which gives legitimate 合法 employment 雇用 to a few lawyers 律师; but there is a volume 卷 of illegitimate 非法的 and semi 半-legitimate 合法 business which would also naturally 自然地 give employment 雇用 to other lawyers. At the time of Judge 审判 Wilfley’s appointment 约定 one thing was clear to the enlightened 开导 heads of our Department 部门 of State at Washington; the consular courts 法院, thanks 谢谢 to the skill 技能 and resource 资源 of the American lawyer 律师 on the Coast, were in a constant 不变 tangle 纠纷 of perplexed 困扰 inefficiency 低效, and the American name was sinking 淹没 steadily 7 lower 低的 in China.

It is likely 8 that no American judge 审判 ever 9 faced so peculiar 8 and difficult 11 a task 任务 as that assigned 分配 to Judge Wilfley. It was his duty 职责 to take the place of a lacking 缺乏 public opinion 11, and to raise 提升；种 the drooping prestige 声望 of his country. He had behind 6 him no settled 解决；定居 code 码 of laws, but merely 仅仅，只，不过 a few treaties 条约 and a few orders from the Department 6 of State. He had not only to judge 7 cases between Americans, but also cases between Americans and citizens 公民 of other nationalities 国籍, including 包括 the Chinese themselves. He had to establish 建立 rulings 规则 on the most many complicated 使复杂化 matters of coast‧wise 海岸‧明智的；聪明的 commerce 商业, in a land where coast‧wise 海岸‧明智的；聪明的 commerce 8 is involved 参与，包括 with perplexing 困扰 local 7 customs 7 and superstitions 迷信. Above 之上 all, he had, from the start, to fight 战斗 a well- organized 组织, well-entrenched 巩固 band 带 of shady 阴凉 characters 性格 who had run their course for so long without anything 9 in the nature of a public opinion to hold them in check 检查 that they resented 愤恨 his advent 来临 as an encroachment on their vested 背心 right to do as they chose 挑选:choose. The last and most many perplexing 困扰 of his problems was that in rooting 根 out these evils 邪恶的 he was in danger 危险 at every turn of arraying 排列 against him the citizens 公民 of other nationalities 国籍 and even of arousing 引起 the active 积极的 enmity of the courts 法院 and the officials of other nations, most many of whom 10 had been content 内容 to let Shanghai jog 慢跑 along in its easy 7-going, sordid way.

It is to Judge 8 Wilfley’s everlasting 永久的 credit 信用 that, with a full 满的 knowledge 知识；了解 of the difficulties 困难 and dangers 危险 before him, he went straight 直的 to the heart 心 of the problem. Seeing that certain American lawyers 律师 had long stood stand between the old consular courts 法院 and anything which could be called just‧ice 正义, he set to work first to solve 解决 the problem of the lawyers. His campaign 运动 for a higher standard 标准 on the Coast has not been without its humorous 幽默 moments 瞬间. Mr. Bassett, his shrewd 精明 young district 地区 attorney 律师, preceded 优于 him to Shanghai to “look the ground 地面 over.” The little group of American lawyers at Shanghai made haste 匆忙 to get acquainted 认识 with him. One of the ablest 能够的 among them invited 邀请 him, casually 胡乱；漫不经心 and informally 非正式的, to dinner 正餐. When Bassett arrived 到达 at the dinner he found find himself, to his astonishment 惊愕, con‧front 面对 with thirty 三十 or forty 四十 “leading citizens 公民,” including 包括 all the American lawyers 律师 and several men of question‧able 可疑的 business character 性格 whom 11 he rather expected to be prosecuting 起诉 a little later on.

After the coffee 咖啡 and cigars 雪茄, the host 主人 rose 上升:rise, and in a neat 整洁的 little speech 演说 called on Bassett to tell the company something about Judge 9 Wilfley and what work he meant mean to do in Shanghai. It was a difficult situation 9. A slow 慢的-witted 风趣 man might have found find himself in a fix 固定. But Bassett, if I may credit 信用 the account 账；解释 which reached 到达 me, was equal 相等的 to the situation. He rose 上升:rise, and looked around the table 桌；表 from face to face.

“Gentlemen,” he said, “as I have come unprepared for this pleasure 愉快, I shall have to fall 落下 back on story 故事-telling. In the small hours 小时, one morning 早晨, two men who had been having rather too good a time were navigating 导航 from street 街 corner 角落 to street corner. Said Smith, ‘Jonesh, shtime to go home. Shgetting broad 宽阔的 day‧light 日光. Theresh sun 太阳 shining 发光 up there.’

“‘No, Shmith,’ replied 回答 Jones, ‘you’re mistaken 错误. Tha’sh moon 月亮 up there, and it’s night.’ They staggered 错开 down the street 街, Smith insisting 咬定 that it was day, Jones insisting 咬定 that it was night, until they met meet a fellow 同伴 inebriate clinging 依偎 to a fire 火 plug 插头. To him they appealed 上诉 their dispute 争议. He heard hear them out, and then looked thoughtfully 沉思地 up at the moon. For a long time he puzzled 使迷惑 over the problem, and finally 最后, giving it up, turned to them and said politely 有礼貌的, ‘Gentlemen, you’ll have to ’scuse me. I’m a stranger 奇怪；陌生 in town 城镇.’

“And, gentlemen,” said Bassett, again looking about from face to face, “you’ll have to excuse 原谅 me. I’m a stranger in town.”

Judge 10 Wilfley began begin by calling upon every American lawyer 律师 who was practicing 练习 in Shanghai to bring a certificate 证书 of good moral character 性格 and to pass 走过 an examination 检查 before he could be admitted 许可进入 to practice 练习 in the new court 法院. The examination 检查 was given give, and only two of the lawyers 6 passed 走过. At once there was a hubbub. The judge 11 was attacked 攻击 hotly 热的. One of the lawyers 7 who failed 失败 to pass 走过 hurried 赶紧 over to this country, making a speech 演说 at Honolulu, on the way, in which he insinuated charges 装载 of corruption 腐败 against Judge Wilfley. Shortly after his arrival 到达 at San Francisco, he prevailed 战胜 upon the Ninth Circuit Court 法院 of Appeals, on the Pacific Coast, to reverse 反向；倒转 one of Judge Wilfley’s decisions 决定 without having the facts of the whole case in hand and without a hearing from the China court 6. He went on to Washington, and within a month 月 or two last winter 冬 actually 实际上 got get a bill 账单 through the United States Senate rein‧state 恢复 all the disqualified 资格 lawyers 8. The bill is before the House at this present session 会议. He has conducted 进行 a news‧paper 报纸 campaign 运动 against Judge Wilfley in this country since his return 回转 last year. It seems only fair 7 to call attention 注意 to these facts on a fear‧less 害怕‧少 and able 9 man, because Judge Wilfley is too hard 7 at work in a distant 遥远的 country to be able to defend 辩护 himself. In the course of my travels 旅行 from port 港口 to port 港口 last year, it became become clear to me that this new court 7 was the one uplifting 抬起 factor 因子 in a distressing 苦难 general condition.

Judge Wilfley, like his district 地区 attorney 律师, seems to hold no visionary 空想家 theories 理论, in spite 恶意 of the high standard 标准 he has set. Before leaving China, I made it a point to call on him and talk 说话 with him about the work he is doing in the interest of the American name. He seemed to recognize 认出 clearly enough that vice 副职的；副的 and depravity can no more many be put down out of hand in Shanghai than they can be put down out of hand in New York or Chicago or Boston. But he maintained 保持 that the disreputably open flaunting of vice 10 can be stopped 停止. In fining 好的 the “American girls” $500 ( gold 金) each, and driving 驾驶 a number of them off the Coast, his attack 攻击 has been directed mainly 通常地；主要地；大部分地 against the dishonourable use of an honourable phrase 短语. In imprisoning 监禁 or driving away the American gamblers, he has been trying to put gambling 赌 down more many nearly to the place it occupies 占据, in this country, as a minor 次要 rather than as a major 主要的 branch 树枝 of industry. Judge Wilfley has undertaken an Herculean task 任务. It seems to be the hope 7 of all that patient 有耐性的 minority 少数民族, the better well class 班 of Americans on the China Coast, that he will be permitted 许可 to continue his fight 战斗 unhampered by political 政治的 machinery 机器 “back home.”

There are two other points, besides 而且 Shanghai, at which the two kinds of civilization 文明, Western and Eastern 东方的, come into contact 联系—Hongkong and Tientsin. Each is different 不同的 from the other as well as from Shanghai; and each plays a curious 好奇的 part in the opium 鸦片 drama 戏剧. We shall take them up in the next chapter 章节.

 

 

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VI

SOWING THE WIND IN CHINA—TIENTSIN AND HONGKONG

If you could avoid 避开 the suburbs 市郊 of mud 泥 huts 小屋 and walled 墙 compounds 组合, and step 8 directly down from an air‧ship 天空‧船 on the broad 宽阔的 piazza of the Astor House at Tientsin (no treaty 条约 port 港口 is complete without its Astor House), you might also imagine 想象 your‧self 你自己 in a thriving 兴旺 English town 城镇. Set about this piazza areround 圆形的；围绕tables 桌；表, in bowers of potted 罐 plants 植物；种, where sit 坐 Britishers, Germans, and Americans, with a gay 快乐的 sprinkling 撒 of soldiery. Across 穿过 the street 街 there is a green 绿色的 little park 公园, where plump 丰满 British babies 婴儿 are wheeled 轮子 about and children romp among the shrubbery, and where the Sikh band 带 plays on Sundays. There is nothing, unless 除非 it be the group of rickshaw coolies at the curb 抑制, or the fat 肥的 Chinese police‧man 警察 in the road‧way 路‧路；方法, to recall 召回 China to the mind.

Yet Tientsin dominates 支配 all Northern 北方的 China much as Shanghai dominates 支配 the mighty 威武 valley 山谷 of the Yangtse. The rail‧way 铁路 and water‧way 水路 ( including 包括 the Grand 宏大的 Canal 运河) all lead to Tientsin. It is Peking’s sea‧port 海‧港口，城镇. The viceroy of the Northern Provinces makes it his seat 席位 of government. The chief 主要；首领 point of contact 联系 between these Northern Provinces and Western civilization 文明, it is through Tientsin that the new ideas 主意 which are stirring 搅动 the sluggish 迟缓 Chinese mind to new desires 希望 and to a new purpose 9 filter 过滤 into one hundred 百 million Mongoloid heads.

The foreign settlement 沉降 is simply 9 a polyglot cluster 簇 of nationalities 国籍, each with its “concession 让步” or allotment 配股 of land wrung from a browbeaten empire 帝国, each with its separate 分开 municipal 市政 government ruled 规则 by its own consul-general, and the whole combined 使结合, for purposes 目的 of defense 防守 and aggression 侵略, into a loosely 松的 knit 针织 city of seven 七 or eight 八 thou‧sand 千 whites 白色的 under the general direction 方向 of a dozen （一）打；十二 consulates. The British have their polo 马球, golf 高尔夫球, and racing 赛跑 grounds 地面; the French have their wealthy 富裕 church orders and their Parisian moving pictures 照片; the Germans have their beer 啤酒 halls 过道 and delicatessen shops 商店. The Japanese, the Russians, the Italians, the Austrians, all the powers, in fact, excepting 把…除外 the United States—which holds no land in China—contribute 有助于 their lesser shares 股 to the colour and the activity 活动 of this extra‧ordinary 非凡的 place. And only a mile 英里 or two away, further 6 up the crooked 弯曲 river, lies 躺；说谎 the huge 巨大, sprawling 蔓生 Chinese city, where nine 九 hundred 百 and fifty 五十 thou‧sand 千 blue 7-clad 包层的 celestials 天上—nearly around 圆形的；围绕 million of them—ceaselessly watch 钟表；注视 the squabbling 争吵 groups of foreigners 外国人, and by means of news‧paper 报纸, travelling 旅行 merchants, and the thou‧sand 千 and one other instruments 仪器 for thespreading 伸开 of gossip 八卦, tell all Northern 北方的 China what they see.

Tientsin, then, like Shanghai, is a potent 有力的, an electric 电的, force in its influence 7 on China. Whatever 无论什么 the Chinese are to become in their struggle 挣扎；搏斗 towards the light of day will be in some measure 测量 due 由于 to the example 8 set by these two cities, the only samples 样品 of Western civilization 文明 which the Chinaman can scrutinize 细察 at close range 范围；射程；类别. The missionary 传教士 tells him of the God of the Western peoples, and of how His Spirit 精神 regenerates human‧kind 人‧种类; the Chinaman listens 倾听 stolidly, and then turns to look at the samples of regenerated peoples that fringe 边缘 his Coast. What he actually 实际上 sees will stick 棍；粘贴 in his mind long after what he merely 仅仅，只，不过 hears shall have passed 走过 out at the other ear 耳朵. And these impressions 印象 that stick in the Chinaman’s mind are precisely 精确地 the highly charged 装载 forces that are revolutionizing 革命化 China to-day.

While still at Peking, I had picked 挑选 up more many or less little gossip 八卦 which seemed to indicate 表明 that the Tientsin foreign concessions 让步 were setting an unfortunate 不幸的 example 9 in the matter of opium 鸦片. In several of the concessions 让步 there are thou‧sand 千 of Chinese traders 商人 who have crowded 人群；拥挤 in the white man’s territory 疆土，领域, in order to make a living. These Chinese districts 7 demand their opium 鸦片, and they have always been allowed 允许 to have it. The opium 鸦片 shops 商店 and dens 巢穴 are licensed 执照, as are our saloons 轿车, and the resulting revenue 收入 is cheerfully 乐意 accepted 承认 by the various 10 municipalities 直辖市. When the Chinese officials set out to fight 战斗 opium 鸦片 last winter 冬 and spring 春季, they asked the foreign consuls to cooperate 合作 with them. This could be no more many than a friendly 友好的 request 要求, for the concessions 让步 are foreign soil 泥土, that have passed 走过 wholly 全 out of China’s control 控制; but it was obviously 明显 of no use to close the dens 巢穴 of the native city if smokers 抽烟者 could continue to gratify 取悦 their desire 希望 by simply walking 走；步行同道 down the road 路.

This request 要求 bothered 烦 the consuls. The Chinese had adroitly placed them in a difficult position 位置. A failure 失败 to cooperate 合作 would look bad 坏的; but revenue 收入 is revenue 收入, on the Chinese Coast as else‧where 在别处. More many, if they could play for time, the enforcement in the native city, by driving 驾驶 the smokers 抽烟者 over into the concessions 让步, would actually 实际上 increase the revenue 收入. So the consuls played for time. Theyspread 伸开 the impression 印象 “back home” that they were going to close the dens 巢穴. When? Oh, soon 8—very soon 9. There were matters of detail 详述 to attend 出席 to. The licenses 执照 must run out. Then, too, perhaps the Chinese proposals 提议 were “insincere”—a little time would show.

The British concession 让步 boasted 自夸 proudly 自豪的 that it had no opium 鸦片 dens 巢穴. This was true 真正的. The concession 让步 is wholly 全 taken up with British shops 6 and British homes, and there is no room for Chinese residents 居民. The German concession 让步 had so few natives 本土的 that it closed some of its dens 巢穴 and took what credit 信用 it could. The Japanese quietly 清静的 put on the lid 盖子. But all the other concessions 让步 remained 留；剩余 “ wide 宽的 open.”

So ran run the Peking gossip 八卦. It seemed to me worth 值得的 while to follow it up; for if it should prove 证明 true 真正的 that the concessions 让步 were actually 6 profiting 收益, like Shanghai, by the native prohibition 禁令, that fact would be significant 重大. It would leave little to say for the representatives 代表 of foreign civilization 文明 in China.

There was a particular 特别的 reason 理由 why the prohibition 禁令 should be made effective 8 in and about Tientsin. The one official who stood stand before his country and the world as the anti 抗-opium 鸦片 leader, who personified, in fact, the reform 改革 spirit 精神 which is leavening the Chinese mass 大量, was Yuan Shi K’ai, the Northern 北方的 viceroy. Tientsin was his viceregal capital 首都. Before he could hope 8 to convince 说服 the cynical 愤世嫉俗的 observers 观察者 of Britain and Europe that the anti 抗-opium 鸦片 crusade 运动 was really on, he had to make good in his own city.

Yuan Shi K’ai is a remark‧able 非凡的；奇异的；引人注目的 man. Unlike 不像 some of his colleagues 同事 who have travelled 旅行 and studied abroad 到国外, he has never, I believe, been over the sea 海; yet no Chinese official shows a firmer 坚固的 grasp 把握 on his biggest and most many bewildering 困惑 of the world’s govern‧mental 政府 problems. Practically a self 自己-made man (his father 父亲 was a soldier 士兵), he worked up from rank 排列 to rank, himself a part and a product 7 of the antiquated absolutism of his country, until he emerged 出现 at the top 顶, a red 8-button 按钮 mandarin, a viceroy, with a personality 个性 towering 塔 above 之上 the superstitious, tradition 传统-ridden 乘:ride court 8, and yet sufficiently 充分地 able and skillful 熟练 to work with and through that court 9. We have seen see, in an earlier chapter 章节, how Yuan, then a governor 州长；主管人, kept keep Shantung Province 省 quiet 清静的 during the Boxer out‧break 暴发. It is he who is building 建造 up the “new army 7” with the aid 援助 of German and Japanese drill 钻头-masters 主人；硕士. It is he who succeeded 成功 in introducing 提出 the study of modern 7 science 科学 into the education 教育 of the official classes 7. He is committed 承诺 to the abolition 废除 of the palace 宫 eunuch system. He has, during the past 过去的 year, made great head‧way 头；上端‧路；方法 with his bold 胆大的；醒目的 plan to remodel 改装 this land of fossilized ideas 主意 into a constitutional 构成 monarchy 帝制, with a representative 代表 parliament 议会. But first, and above 之上 all else 其他, he places the opium 鸦片 reforms 改革. Unless 除非 this curse 诅咒 can be checked 检查, and at least 最小的 partially 部分 removed 去掉, there is no hope 9 of progress 进步.

Through‧out 始终 this magnificent 华丽的 struggle 挣扎；搏斗 for a new China, Viceroy Yuan has radically 很不同的，革命性的 opposed 反对 the very spirit 精神 and genius 天才 of his race; but far from ostracizing himself or splitting 分裂 the government, he has grown steadily 8 in power and influence 8, until now, as a sort 10 of prime 主要 minister 大臣, he appears 出现 to hold the substance 物质 of imperial 帝国 authority 权威 in his hands. Try to imagine 想象 a self 自己-made, reform 改革 politician 政治家 outwitting andbeating 打败 down the traditions 传统 of Tammany Hall 过道 in New York City, multiply 乘 his difficulties 困难 by a thou‧sand 千 or two, and you will perhaps have some notion 概念 of the sheer ability 能力 of this great man, who has risen 升起的 above 之上 the traditions 传统, even above 6 the age 年龄-old prejudices 成见 of his own people. There are many Europeans in his retinue—physicians 医师, military 军事 men, engineers 工程师, educators 教育者—all of whom 12 apparently 据…所知；看来；据说；听说 look up to him as a genuine 真正 superior 优越. An attach 连接é summed 和 up for me this feeling which Yuan inspires 激励，鼓舞 in those who know him: “You forget 忘记 to think of him as a Chinaman,” said this attach 连接é, “as in any way different 6 from the rest 休息，其余 of us.”

The viceroy took a personal 个人 hand in the Tientsin situation. On December 2, 1906, he issues the following document 文件 to the North 北方 and South 南方 Police 警察 Commissioners of Tientsin native city. Rather than altar 坛 the quaint 精巧 wording, I quote 引用 just as it was translated 翻译 for me:

“I have just received 收到 instructions 指令 from the cabinet 内阁 ministers 大臣 enjoining me to act according 协议 to the regulations 规 which they presented to the throne 王座, and which received their Majesties’ consent 同意. The evil 邪恶的 effects 影响 of opium 鸦片 are known know to all. It is the duty 职责 of us all to act according to the regulations 规, and do our utmost 极 to get rid 使摆脱 of them.

“The North 北方 and South 南方 police 警察 commissioners 专员 are authorized 授权 to close the opium 鸦片 dens 巢穴, which have been the refuge 避难所 of idle 无意义的 hands and young people who are not allowed 允许 to smoke at home. The said dens 巢穴 are to be closed at the end of the Tenth Moon 月亮 (December 14th), at the same time notifying 通知 the keepers 管理人 of restaurants 饭店 and wine 葡萄酒 shops 7 not to have opium 鸦片-smoking instruments 仪器 or opium 鸦片 prepared 7 for their customers 顾客, nor 也不 are their customers allowed 6 to take opium 鸦片 and smoke there.

“As to the concessions 让步, the Customs 8 Taotai is authorized 授权 to open conference 会议 with the different 7 consuls, asking them to close the opium 鸦片 dens 巢穴 within a limited 限制 time.”

The two police 警察 commissioners 专员 at once made the proclamation public; and, as is evident 明显 from the following “ Reply 回答 to a petition 请愿,” met meet with difficulties 困难 in enforcing 执行 it:

“It is impossible 不可能的 to change the date 日期 of closing dens 巢穴. What is said in the petition 请愿, that the keepers 管理人 cannot square 正方形；广场 their accounts 账；解释 with their customers 顾客, may be true 真正的, but the viceroy’s order must be obeyed 服从. The dens 巢穴 shall be closed at the specified 具体说明；明确指出 time.”

These orders were carried 运送；支撑 out. It is one of the advantages 有利条件 of a patriarchal form of government that orders can be carried 6 out. There were no injunctions 禁令, no writs 令状 to show cause 原因；引起, no technical 技术 appeals 上诉. The few den 巢穴 keepers 管理人 who dared 敢 to violate 违反 the prohibition 禁令 were mildly 温柔的 punished 处罚 on the first offense 进攻—most many of them receiving 收到 two full 满的 weeks at hard 8 labour. The real responsibility 责任 was placed upon the owners 所有者 of the property 特性 rented 租；租金 out to the den 巢穴 keepers 管理人. It was recognized 认出 that these owners 所有者 were the ones who really profited 收益 by the vice 11. They were given give an opportunity 机会 to report any violations 违反 occurring 发生 on their property; but if a violation 违反 occurred 发生, and the owner failed 失败 to report, his property was promptly 敏捷的 confiscated 没收. Here we see successfully 顺利 employed 雇用 a method 方法 which we in this country have been unable 无法 as yet to put into effect. The futility of punishing 处罚 engineers 工程师 and switchmen for the sins 罪 of rail‧road 铁路 corporations 公司, of punishing clerks 店员 for the offenses 进攻 of bank 银行；岸 directors 主管, of punishing keepers 管理人 of disorderly 混乱 houses in cases where we know that the real profit 收益 goes, in the form of a high rental 出租, to the respect‧able 可敬 owner of the property 特性, has long been recognized 认出 among us. In China, while we see much that seems intolerable 无法忍受 in the enforcement of law, we must admit 许可进入 that it is refreshing 使恢复 to find laws really enforced 执行, and to see responsibility 责任 some‧time 有时 put where it belongs 属于. We of the United States are far ahead 前面；往前 of the Chinese in all that goes to make up what we call civilization 文明. But we have, among others 别的, a law forbidding 禁止 the sale 卖 of liquor 酒 on Sundays in New York City. We couldn’t enforce 执行 the law if we tried; and we haven’t enough moral courage 勇气 to strike 敲击 it off thebooks 书 for thedead 死去的 letter 信 it is.

Yes, the Tientsin situation has its refreshing 使恢复 side. Yuan Shi K’ai—a Chinaman,—set about it to close the opium 鸦片 dens 巢穴 that supplied 供给 this swarming 一群 cityful of Chinamen, and succeeded 成功. He solved 解决 that most many difficult problem which con‧front 面对 human 9 governments everywhere 9—in every climate 气候, under every sky 天（空）—the problem of moral regulation 规. He drove 驾驶:drive the manufacturers 生产厂家 of opium 鸦片 and of opium 鸦片 accessories 附件 out of business. He cut 6 his way through a tangle 纠纷 of “interests,” vested 背心 and other‧wise 否则, not so different 8 in their essence 本质 from the liquor 酒 interests of this country. Thanks to his own character 性格 and resource 资源, thanks 谢谢 to the cheerful 快乐 directness of Chinese methods 方法 of governing (when directness and not indirectness is really wanted), he “got get results.” And not only in Tientsin native city, but also in Peking, and Pao-ting-fu, and all Chili Province 省, and through‧out 始终 Shansi Province 省, and over large portions 一部分；一份 of Shantung, Shansi, and Manchuria. It was not a case of Maine prohibition 禁令, or Kansas prohibition 禁令, or New York excise 摘除 regulation 规. He closed the dens 巢穴!

While he was accomplishing 完成；实现；达到；做到 this result, and while the native Chamber 室 of Commerce 9 was appropriating 适当 a sum 和 of money to found find a hospital 医院 for the cure 8 of opium 鸦片 victims 受害者, the “Customs 9 Taotai,” obeying 服从 the viceroy’s instructions 指令, courteously requested 要求 the consuls, as rulers 统治者 of the foreign city, to help along by closing the dens 巢穴 in their municipalities 直辖市. It was mainly 通常地；主要地；大部分地 to see whether 6 or not the consuls were “helping” that I went down to Tientsin. There was no need to ask questions or to burrow 地洞 among statistics 统计数据；统计资料. The opium 鸦片 dens 巢穴 of the concessions 让步 were either 9 or they were not. Accordingly, I set out from the Astor House at nine 九 o’ clock 钟 one evening 傍晚, by rickshaw. For interpreter 翻译，弄清含义 I had Mr. Sung, the secretary 秘书 of the Native Young Men’s Christian Association 协会, and with us went a young Englishman who spoke 讲:speak the language 语言. This test 试验 seemed a fair 8 one to apply 用于, for it was April 23d, nearly five months 月 after Viceroy Yuan’s proclamation, and several weeks after the closing of the last dens 巢穴 in the native city.

We began begin with the French concession 让步; and our first glimpses 一瞥 of the thriving 兴旺 opium 鸦片 business of the little municipality 直辖市 astonished 使惊讶 us. The Taiku Road 路, the main 主要的 street 街, where one finds churches, mission 任务 compounds 组合, offices 办公室, and shops 8, displayed 显示 a row 行 of red 9 lights. Our three rickshaws pulled 拉 up at the first and we went in.

An opium 鸦片 den 巢穴 usually takes up one floor 地面 of a building 建造. Against the walls 墙 is a continuous 连续 wooden 木制的 platform 平台, perhaps two feet high and extending 延伸 over seven 七 or eight 八 feet into the room. This platform is divided 分 at intervals 间隔 of five or six 8 feet by low 6 partitions 划分, some‧time 有时 but a few inches 英寸 in height 高度, into compartments 隔室, each of which accommodates 容纳 two smokers 抽烟者, with one lamp 灯 between them. Sometimes a rug 小块地毯 or a bit 一点 of matting 席子 is laid 放置:lay on this hard 9 couch 长椅, sometimes not; for the Chinaman, accustomed 使习惯 to sleeping 睡 on bricks 砖, prefers 更喜欢 his couches 长椅 hard. A man always lies 躺；说谎 down to smoke opium 鸦片; for the porous pill 丸, which ispressed 压 into the tiny 小 orifice of the pipe 管子, cannot be ignited 点燃, but is held hold directly over the lamp 灯 and the flame 火焰 drawn 绘画:draw up through it.

The first den 巢穴 we entered 进入 was on the second floor 地面 of a rickety building 建造. We climbed 攀登 the steep 陡峭的, infinitely 无限地 dirty 肮脏 stair‧way 楼梯‧路；方法, crossed 穿过；十字 a narrow 狭窄的 hall 过道, and opened a door 门. At first I found find it difficult to see distinctly 历历 in the dim 暗淡 light and through the thick 浓的 blue 8 haze 阴霾; and the over‧power 压倒, sickish fumes 烟 of the drug 药物 got get into my nose 鼻子 and throat 咽喉 and made breathing 呼吸 a notice‧able 显 effort 努力. There was a desk 书桌 by the door 门, behind 7 which sat 坐:sit the keeper of the den 巢穴, with a litter 窝 of pipes and thimble-like cups 杯子 before him. In a corner 角落 of the desk was a jar 罐 of opium 鸦片, a thick 浓的, sticky 黏 substance 物质, dark 黑暗的 brown 棕色的 in colour, in appearance 外貌 not unlike 不像 molasses in January. There were twenty 二十 smokers 抽烟者 on the couches 长椅, some preparing 准备 the pellet 丸 of opium 鸦片 by kneading it and pressing 压 it on the pipe 管子- bowl 碗, some dozing off the fumes 烟, and a few smoking. An attend‧ant 服务员 moved about the room with fresh 新鲜的 supplies 供给 of the drug 药物. For each thimbleful, enough for one or two smokes 烟, the price 价格 was fifteen 十五 cents 分 (Mexican).

The smokers 抽烟者 seemed to be mainly 通常地；主要地；大部分地 of the lower 低的 classes 8; though hardly 8 so low 7 as coolies, who are lucky 幸运 to earn 赚得 as much as fifteen 十五 cents 6 in a day. It was evident 明显 to both of my companions 同伴, from the appearance 外貌 of these men and from their talk 6, that they could ill 生病 afford 买得起 the luxury 豪华. The number of smokes 烟 indulged 放纵 in seemed to range 范围；射程；类别 from three or four up to an indefinite 不定 number. The youngest and healthiest appearing 出现 man in the room told tell us that after three pipes he could go home and go to sleep 睡 in comfort 安慰. He had been at it less little than a year, he said; and, judging 审判 from the expression 表现 of peaceful 平静的 content 内容 that came over his face as he held hold the pipe 9- bowl 碗 over the lamp 灯 and drew 绘画:draw the smoke deep 深的 into his lungs 肺, he had not yet begun begin to feel the ravages 蹂躏 of the drug 药物.

The next den 巢穴 we entered 进入 was small, crowded 人群；拥挤, and dirty 肮脏. The price 价格 was only ten 十 cents 7. But the third den 巢穴 was the largest and decidedly 果断地 the most many interesting of any that we saw see. Like the others 别的, it was situated 位于 in a prosperous 繁荣 section 部分 of the Taiku Road 路, with its red 10 light conspicuously 显着 displayed 显示 over the door 门. From the facts that it was frankly 坦率地说 open for business and that not the slightest 微小的 concern 关心；涉及 was shown show at our entrance 入口, it seemed fair 9 to believe that the keepers 管理人 had no fear 害怕 what‧ever 无论什么 of publicity 公开 or of the law. Even when we announced 宣布 ourselves 我们自己 to be investigators, our questions were answered 答复 cheerfully 乐意 and fully 充分, and the man who escorted 护送 us from room to room was apparently 据…所知；看来；据说；听说 proud 自豪的 of the establishment 机构. The couches 长椅 were not all occupied 占据, but I counted 数；总数 thirty 三十-five men sitting 坐 or reclining on them. One man had a child with him, a girl of some six 9 or eight 八 years of age 年龄, and when he had prepared 8 his pipe 10 and smoked 7 it he permitted 许可 her to take a whiff or two. In a rear 后 room we saw see four women smoking with the men. The price 价格 of a smoke in this den 巢穴 was twenty 二十-five cents 8.

I do not know how many opium 鸦片 dens 巢穴 were open for business in the French concession 让步 on this particular 特别的 April 23d, 1907, but of those that were open I personally 亲自 either entered 进入 or at least 最小的 saw see fifteen 十五 or six‧teen 十六, and that without attempting 试图 anything in the nature of an exhaustive 详细 search 搜寻. In the Italian and Russian concessions 让步 I found find about sixty 六十 dens 巢穴 open, mostly of a very low 8 grade 年级. But the worst 生病:ill of the concessions 让步, in this regard 认为, was the Austrian. Lying nearest to the native city, it had profited 收益 more many largely than any of the others 6 by the native prohibition 禁令. It seemed also to have the largest Chinese population 10; indeed 7, in appearance 外貌 it was more many like the quaint 精巧 old Chinese city than any of the other foreign municipalities 直辖市.

We entered 进入 only three of the Austrian dens 巢穴. But we saw see the signs 符号 and glanced 一瞥 in through the door‧way 门口 of so many others 7 that I was quite 相当 ready 准备好的 to accept 承认 Mr. Sung’s rough 粗糙的 estimate 估计 of the total 总共 number within the narrow 狭窄的 con‧fine 局限 of the concession 让步: he put it at fifty 五十 to one hundred 百. It is difficult to be exact 准确的 in these estimates 估计, because where laws are so languidly enforced 执行 the official returns 回转 hardly 9 begin to state the full 6 number of flourishing 繁荣 establishments 机构. These three dens 巢穴 which we entered 进入 were enough to make an ineffaceable impression 印象 on the mind of one traveller 旅行. I have eaten 吃:eat and slept 睡:sleep in native hostelries, in the interior 室内, so unspeakably dirty 肮脏 and insanitary that to describe 描写 them in these pages 页 would exceed 超过 all bounds 必定；跳 of taste 品尝, but I have never been in a filthier 污秽 place than at least 最小的 one of these Austrian dens 巢穴. And the other two were little better well. It would require 需要；有赖于；要求 some means more many adequate 足够的；合格的；合乎需要的 than pen 笔, ink 墨水, and paper 纸；报纸, to convey 传达 to the reader an accurate 准确的；精确的；正确的 notion 概念 of the mingled 交融, half-blended 混合 odours which seemed to under‧lie 是…的深层原因；对…有重大影响, or to form a back‧ground 背景 for, the over‧power 压倒 fumes 烟 of what passed 6 here for opium 鸦片. What this drug 药物 compound 组合 was I really do not know; but it was sold 卖:sell at the rate 速度 of two pipes for three cents 9, Mexican, equivalent 当量 to a cent and a half, gold 金. For real opium 鸦片, of fair 10 or good quality 质量, it is quite 6 possible, in China, to pay from ten 十 to twenty 二十 times as much. Such dens 巢穴 as this, then, are not only vicious 恶毒 resorts 度假胜地 maintained 保持 for the purpose of catering 迎合 to a degrading 降级 habit; they are alsobreeding 养育；繁殖 places of disease 疾病 and pestilence.

Thus one night’s work made it plain 平原；明显 that the foreign concessions 让步 were taking nosteps 步；走 that would evidence 证据 a spirit 精神 of coöperation with the Chinese authorities 权威 in their vigorous 蓬勃 attempt 试图 to check 检查 and control 6 the ravages 蹂躏 of opium 鸦片. Tientsin, like Shanghai, did not care 关心. Tientsin, like Shanghai, is sowing 母猪 the wind 风 in China.

Let us now turn aside 在旁边 for a moment 瞬间 to consider the third important point of contact 联系 between the two kinds of civilization 文明—Hongkong.

Hongkong is neither 都不 a “settlement 沉降” nor 也不 a “concession 让步.” It is a British crown 王冠 colony 侨民, with its own government and its own courts 6. The original 原版的 property 6, a mountainous 多山 island 岛 lying 躺；说谎 near the mouth 口 of the Canton River, was taken from the Chinese in 1842, as a part of the penalty 罚款 which China had to pay for losing 失去 the Opium War. Later, a strip 剥光 of the main‧land 大陆 opposite 相对的 was added 增加 to the colony 侨民. Hongkong is one of the most many important seaports in the world. It is the meeting place for freight 货物 and passenger 乘客ships 船 from North 北方 America, South 6 America, New Zealand and Australia, India, Europe, Africa, and the Philippines and other Pacific islands 岛. It commands 命令 the trade of the Canton River Valley 山谷, which, though not geographically 地理 so imposing 强加 as the wonderful 精彩 valley of the Yangtse, supports 支持, nevertheless 虽然, the densely 密地 populated 填充 region 地区 reached 到达 by the innumerable 无数 canal 运河-like branches 树枝 of the river. The city of Canton alone 单独的, eighty 八十 or ninety 九十 miles 8 inland 内陆 from Hongkong, claims 声称 2,500,000 inhabitants 居民. It is safe 安全的 to say that fifty 五十 million Chinamen are constantly 总是；经常地，不断地 under the influence 9 of the civilizing 使文明 example set by Hongkong.

What is the attitude 态度 of the Colonial government towards the opium 鸦片 question? Simply that the opium 鸦片 habit is a legitimate 合法 source 资源 of revenue 收入. The British gentlemen who administer 管理 the government seem never to have been disturbed 打扰 by doubts 怀疑 as to the morality 道德 or humanity 人性 of their attitude 态度. Let me quote 引用 from the report of the Philippine Commission 佣金:

“Farming is the system adopted 采用；收养 ( renting 租；租金 out the monopoly 垄断 control 7 of the drug 药物 to an individual 单个 or a corporation 公司) and a consider‧able 大量 part of the income 收入 of the colony 侨民 is obtained 获得 from this source 资源. The habit seems to bespreading 伸开. No effort 努力— except 把…除外 the increased price 价格 demanded 要求 by the farmer 农场主 to compensate 补偿 for the increased price he has to pay to secure 安全 the monopoly 垄断—is made to deter 阻止 persons from using opium 鸦片 in the colony 侨民. Most many of the opium 鸦片 comes from India.”

The attitude 态度 of the residents 居民 and merchants of the colony seems to be expressed 表达 plainly 平原；明显 enough by an editorial 社论 in a leading Hongkong paper 纸；报纸 which lies 6 before me, dated 日期 December 1, 1906: “It will take volumes 卷 of imperial 帝国 edicts to convince 说服 us that China ever honestly 诚实的 intends 意欲 or is ever likely 9 to sup‧press 压制 the opium 鸦片 trade. It is up to China to take the initiative 倡议 in such a way as to leave no doubt 怀疑 that her intentions 意图 are honest 诚实的 and that the native opium 鸦片 trade will be abandoned 放弃. Until that is done, it is idle 无意义的 to discuss 讨论 the question.”

In other words, Hongkong refuses 拒绝 to consider giving up its opium 鸦片 revenue 收入 until the Chinese take the market 交易 away from it.

I think we may consider the point established 建立 that Great Britain is directly responsible 尽责的 for the introduction 介绍 of opium 鸦片 into China, and, through the ingenuity 创造力 and persistence 坚持 of her merchants and her diplomats 外交官, for the growth 生长 of the habit in that country. To-day, in spite 恶意 of an unmistakable 明白的 tendency 趋势 on the part of the Home government (which we shall consider in a later chapter 章节) to yield 屈服 to the pressure 压（力） of the anti 抗-opium 鸦片 agitation 搅动 in England, the government of India continues to grow 生长；种植 and manufacture 7 vast 广大 quantities 量 of the drug 药物 for the Chinese trade. To-day the representatives 代表 of that government at Hongkong are profiting 收益 largely from a monopoly 垄断 control 8 of the opium 鸦片 importation. To-day, at Shanghai, where the British pre‧dominate 掌握 in population 11, in trade, and in the city government, the opium 鸦片 evil 邪恶的 is mishandled in a scandalous manner 方式, and—as else‧where 在别处—for profit 收益. Small wonder 琢磨；奇妙, therefore 因此, that other and less little scrupulous foreign nations, where they have an opportunity 机会 to profit by this vicious 恶毒 traffic 交通, as at Tientsin, hasten 加速 to do so.

These three great ports 港口—Shanghai, Tientsin, and Hongkong—are in constant 不变 touch 触摸 commercially 商业的 with a grand 宏大的 total 总共 of very nearly 200,000,000 Chinese. They are, therefore 因此, constantly 总是；经常地，不断地 exerting 发挥 a direct influence 10 on that number of Chinese minds. As I have pointed out, this influence 11, because it is concentrated 集中 and tangible 有形, is much stronger 强的 than the admittedly 固然 potent 有力的 influence of the widely 范围广地；广泛地 scattered 散落 missionaries 传教士, physicians 医师, and teachers 教员；教师. From the life and example of the Western nations, as they exist 存在 at these ports 港口, the Chinaman is drawing 绘画 most many of his ideas 主意 of progress 进步 and enlightenment 启示.

In a word, the new China that we shall sooner 立刻 or later have to deal 8 with among the nations of the world is the new China that the ports 港口 are helping to make—for this new China is to-day in process 过程；步骤 of development 发展，成长. She is struggling 挣扎；搏斗 heroically to digest 挖 and assimilate 吸收 the Western ideas 主意 which alone 单独的 can bring life and vigour to the sluggish 迟缓 Chinese mass 大量. And yet, turning west‧ward 向西 for aid 援助, China is con‧front 面对 with—Shanghai, Tientsin, and Hongkong. Turning to Britain for a helping hand in her effort 6 to check 检查 the inroads of opium 鸦片, she hears this cheerful 快乐 doctrine 教义 from the one British colony 侨民 which China can really see and partly understand 6, Hongkong—“It is up to China.” Dr. Morrison has stated in one of his letters 信 to the Times that Britain’s attitude 态度 towards China is one of sympathy 同情, tempered 性情 by a lack 缺乏 of information. One very eminent 杰出 British diplomat 外交官 with whom 13 I discussed 讨论 the opium 鸦片 question assured 向…保证；肯定地说 me that that attitude 态度 of his government was “most many sympathetic 同情的.” Later, in London, I found find that this same government was quieting 清静的 an aroused 引起 public opinion with assurances 保证 thatsteps 步；走 were being taken towards an agreement 协议 with China in the matter of opium 鸦片. All this was in the spring 春季 and summer 夏 of 1907. Six months 月 later, the one British colony 侨民 in China, and the two great international 国际的 ports 港口, were cheerfully 乐意 continuing their cynical 愤世嫉俗的 policy 7 of sneering 冷笑 at or ignoring 忽视 the attempts 试图 of the Chinese to over‧come 战胜 their master 主人；硕士-vice 12, and were cheerfully 乐意 profiting 收益 by the situation.

It would perhaps seem fanciful to suggest 建议 that the great nations should unite to regulate 调节 the coast ports 港口. It would appear 9 obvious 明显 that such regulation 规, in so far as it might create 制作，制造 a better well under‧stand 懂 between the Chinese and the representatives 6 of foreign civilizations 文明 with whom 14 they must come in contact 联系, would work to the advantage 有利条件 of commercial 商业的 interests. Anti-foreign riots 暴动 are in progress 进步 to-day in China which have their roots 根 partly in racial misconception 误解, partly in a long tradition 传统 of injustice 不公正 and bad 坏的 faith 信用; and it is hardly 10 necessary to suggest 建议 that an atmosphere 大气层 of injustice 不公正, bad faith, and rioting 暴动 is not the best 9 atmosphere 大气层 in which to carry 8 on trade. But, nevertheless 虽然, the inevitable 必然 difficulties 困难 in the way of drawing 绘画 the great nations together 同时 in the interests of a better well under‧stand 懂 with the Chinese people would seem to make such a solution 解决 academic 学术的 rather than practical 实践的.

But, still hoping 希望 that something may be done about it, something that may lessen 变少；减轻 the likelihood 可能性 of the reaping 收割 of a whirl‧wind 旋转‧风 in China, suppose 假定 that we alter 改变 the phrase 短语 of that Hongkong editorial 社论 and state that instead 代替 of the problem being up to China, it is distinctly 历历 up to Great Britain? Great Britain brought bring the opium 鸦片 into China. Great Britain kept keep it there until it took root 根 and spread 7 over the native soil 泥土. Great Britain has admitted 许可进入 her guilt 有罪, and had pledged 保证 her‧self 她自己 by a majority 多数 vote 投票 in Parliament, and by the promises 允诺 of her governing ministers 大臣, to do something about it. Suppose 假定 that Great Britain be called upon to make good her pledge 保证? It would be an interesting experiment 实验. All that is necessary is to cut 7 down the production 生产 of opium 鸦片 in India, year by year, until it ceases 停止 altogether 全部地, and with it the exportation into China. This course would solve 解决 automatically 自动 the opium 鸦片 problem at Hongkong; and it would put it up to the municipal 市政 authorities 权威 at Shanghai and Tientsin in an interesting fashion 时尚. It would in no way jeopardize 危害 Britain’s interest in the diplomatic 外交 balance of the Far East 11. It would work for the good rather than the harm 损害 of the trade with China. And it would be the first necessary step 9 in the arduous matter of cleaning 清理；清洁的 up the treaty 条约 ports 港口 and setting a higher example to China.

To this course Great Britain would appear to be committed 承诺 by the utterances 发声 for her government. But the world, like the man from Missouri, has yet to be “shown show.” In a later chapter 章节 we shall consider this question of promise 允诺 and performance 表演 in the light of Britain’s peculiar 9 govern‧mental 政府 problem.

 

 

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VII

HOW BRITISH CHICKENS CAME HOME TO ROOST

We have seen see, in the preceding 优于 chapters 章节, that the Anglo-Indian government controls 控制 absolutely 完全地；绝对地 the production 7 of opium 鸦片 in India, prepares 准备 the drug 药物 for the market 6 in government-owned and government-operated 运转 factories 工厂, and sells 7 it at monthly 月 auctions 拍卖. Let me also recall 召回 to the reader that four-fifths of this opium 鸦片 is prepared 9 to suit 一套外衣 the known know taste 品尝 of Chinese consumers 消费者. The annual 全年 value to the Anglo-Indian government of this curious 好奇的 industry, it will be recalled 召回, is well over $20,000,000.

Now we have to consider the last strong 7 defense 防守 of this policy 8 which the British government has seen see fit 合适 to offer 提供 to a protesting 抗议 world, the report of the Royal 王国的 Commission 佣金 on Opium. Against this stout 肥硕 defense of the opium 鸦片 traffic 交通 in all its branches 树枝, we are able to set not only the findings of other governments, such as those of Japan, the Philippines, and Australia, which have opium 鸦片 problems of their own to deal 9 with, but also the curious 好奇的 attitude 态度 of a certain British colony 侨民, amounting 量 almost to what might be called an opium 鸦片 panic 恐慌, on that occasion 机会 when the Oriental drug 药物 found find its way near enough home to menace 威胁 British subjects 主题 and British children.

 

WEIGHING OPIUM IN A GOVERNMENT FACTORY 工厂, INDIA

 

The men who administer 管理 the government of India have a chronically 慢性 difficult job on their hands. In order to keep it on their hands they have got get to please 请;讨人喜欢 the British public; and that is not so easy 8 as it perhaps sounds 声音. It would apparently 6 please both the government and the public if the whole opium 鸦片 question could be thrown 投掷:throw after the twenty 二十 thou‧sand 千 chests of Canton—into the sea 海. But the British public is hard-headed, and proud 自豪的 of it; and the spectacle 场面；眼镜 of the magnificent 华丽的, panoplied government of India gone bankrupt 破产者, or so embarrassed 阻碍 as to be calling upon the Home government for aid 援助, would not please it at all. Of the two evils 邪恶的, debauching China or gravely 坟墓；严重的 impairing 妨害 the finances 金融 of India, there has been reason 理由 to believe that it would prefer 更喜欢 debauching China. That, at least 最小的, is what successive 连续 governments of Britain and of India seem to have concluded 得出结论. It has seemed wiser 明智的；聪明的 to endure 忍受 a known know quantity 量 of abuse 滥用 for sticking 棍；粘贴 to opium 鸦片 than to risk 危险 the cold 寒冷的 British scorn 鄙视 for the bankrupt 破产者; and, accordingly 于是, the Indian government with the approval 批准；同意；赞成 of one Home government after another, has stuck 棍；粘贴:stick to opium 鸦片. The only alter‧native 替代 course, that of developing a new, healthy 健康 source 资源 of revenue 收入 to sup‧plant SUP‧植物；种 opium 鸦片, the unhealthy 不良, would involve 参与，包括 real ideas 6 and an immense 极大的 amount 8 of trouble 7; and these two things are only less little abhorrent to the administrative 行政的 mind than political 政治的 annihilation itself 本身.

But there came a time, not so long ago 9, when a wave 波浪 of “anti 抗-opium 鸦片” feeling swept 打扫:sweep over England, and the British public suddenly 突然；猛地，骤然 became become very hard to please 请;讨人喜欢. Parliament agreed 同意 that the idea 主意 of a government opium 鸦片 monopoly 垄断 in India was “ morally 道德的 indefensible,” and even went so far as to send 派遣；送 out a “ Royal 王国的 Commission 佣金” to investigate 调查 the whole question. Now this commission 佣金, after travelling 旅行 twenty 二十 thou‧sand 千 miles 9, asking twenty 二十-eight 八 thou‧sand 千 questions, and publishing 发布 two thou‧sand 千 pages 页 ( double 双的 columns 柱, close print 印刷) of evidence 证据, arrived 到达 at some remark‧able 非凡的；奇异的；引人注目的 conclusions 结论. “Opium,” says the Royal 王国的 Commission 佣金, “is harmful 有害, harm‧less 无害, or even beneficial 有利, according 协议 to the measure 测量 and discretion 慎重 with which it is used.... It is [in India] the universal 普遍的 house‧hold 家庭 remedy 治疗法.... It is extensively 广阔的 administered 管理 to infants 婴儿, and the practice 练习 does not appear, to any appreciable extent 程度, injurious.... It does not appear responsible 尽责的 for any disease 疾病 peculiar 10 to itself 本身.” As to the traffic 交通 with China, the Commission 佣金 states—“Responsibility 责任 mainly 6 lies 7 with the Chinese government.” And, finally 最后 (which seems to bring out the pith of the matter), “In the present circumstances 环境 the revenue 收入 derived 派生 from opium 鸦片 is indispensable 不可缺少 for carrying 运送；支撑 on with efficiency 效率 the government of India.”

To one familiar 熟悉的 with this extra‧ordinary 非凡的 summing 和-up of the evidence 证据, it seems hardly 11 surprising 使惊奇 that the Rt. Hon. John Morley, the present Secretary 秘书 of State for India, should have said in Parliament (May, 1906)—“I do not wish 希望 to speak 讲 in disparagement of the Commission 佣金, but some‧how 某种方法 or other its findings have failed 失败 to satisfy 使满意 public opinion in this country and to ease 轻松 the consciences 良心 of those who have taken up the matter.”

The methods 方法 employed 6 by a Royal 王国的 Commission 佣金 which could arrive 到达 at such remark‧able 非凡的；奇异的；引人注目的 conclusions 结论 could hardly fail 失败 to be interesting. The Government opium 鸦片 traffic 交通 was a scandal 丑闻. Parliament was on record 记录 against it. There was simply nothing to be said for opium 鸦片 or for the opium 鸦片 monopoly 垄断. It was “ morally 道德的 indefensible”— officially 行政官员 so. It was agreed 同意 that the Indian government should be “ urged 催促” to cease 停止 to grant 发放 licenses 执照 for the cultivation 教养 of the poppy 罂粟 and for the sale 卖 of opium 鸦片 in British India. This was interesting—even gratifying 取悦. There was but one obstacle 障碍 in the way of putting an end to the whole business; and that obstacle 障碍 was, in some inexplicable way, this same British government. The opium 鸦片 monopoly 垄断, morally 道德的 indefensible or not, seemed to be going serenely 安详 and steadily 9 on. If the Indian government was urged 催促 in the matter, there was no record 记录 of it.

Two years passed 7. Mr. Gladstone, the great prime 主要 minister 大臣, deplored 痛惜 the opium 鸦片 evil 8—and took pains 痛苦 not to stop 8 or limit 限制 it. Like the House of Peers in the Napoleonic wars, he “did nothing in particular 特别的—and did it very well.” So the vigilant crusaders came at the government again. In June, 1893, Mr. Alfred Webb moved a resolution 解析度 which (so ran run the hopes 希望 of these crusaders) the most many nearly Christian government could not resist 抵抗 or evade 逃避. Sure 确信的 of the anti 抗-opium 鸦片 majority 多数, the new resolution 解析度, “having regard 认为 to the opinion expressed 表达 by the vote 投票 of this House on the 10th of April, 1891, that the system by which the Indian opium 鸦片 revenue 收入 is raised 提升；种 is morally 道德的 indefensible,... and recognizing 认出 that the people of India ought 应当 not to be called upon to bear 生；熊 the cost involved 参与，包括 in this change of policy 9,” demanded 要求 that “a Royal 王国的 Commission 佣金 should be appointed 任命 ... to report as to (1) What retrenchments and reforms 改革 can be effected 影响 in the military 军事 and civil 国内 expenditures 支出 of India; (2) By what means Indian resources 资源 can be best developed; and (3) What, if any, temporary 临时 assistance 帮助 from the British Exchequer would be required 需要；有赖于；要求 in order to meet any deficit 赤字 of revenue 收入 which would be occasioned 机会 by the suppression 抑制 of the opium 鸦片 traffic 交通.”

The crusaders had under‧estimate 低估 the parliamentary 议会 skill 技能 of Mr. Gladstone. He promptly 敏捷的 moved a counter 反；表面 resolution 解析度, proposing 提议 that “this House press 压 on the Government of India to continue their policy of greatly diminishing 减少 the cultivation 10 of the poppy 罂粟 and the production 8 and sale 7 of opium 鸦片, and demanding 要求 a Royal 王国的 Commission 佣金 to report as to (1) Whether 7 the growth 生长 of the poppy 罂粟 and the manufacture 8 and sale 8 of opium 鸦片 in British India should be prohibited 禁止.... (4) The effect on the finances 金融 of India of the prohibition 禁令 ... taking into consideration 考虑 (a) the amount 9 of compensation 赔偿金 pay‧able 应付; (b) the cost of the necessary preventive 预防 measures 6; (c) the loss 损失 of revenue 收入.... (5) The disposition 性格 of the people of India in regard 认为 to (a) the use of opium 鸦片 for non 非- medical 医学的 purposes 目的; (b) their willingness 愿意 to bear 生；熊 in whole or in part the cost of prohibitive measures 7.”

Mr. Gladstone’s resolution 解析度 looked, to the unthinking, like an anti 抗-opium 鸦片 document 文件. He doubt‧less 毫无疑问， meant mean that it should, for in his task 任务 of maintaining 保持 the opium 鸦片 traffic 交通 he had to work through an anti 抗-opium 鸦片 majority 多数. Mr. Webb’s resolution 解析度, starting from the assumption 假设 that the government was committed 承诺 to sup‧press 压制 the traffic 交通, called for a commission 佣金 merely 6 to arrange 安排 the necessary details 详述. Mr. Gladstone’s resolution 解析度 raised 提升；种 the whole question again, and instructed 指导 the commission 佣金 not only to call particular 特别的 attention 注意 to the cost of prohibition 禁令 (the shrewd 精明 premier 总理 knew know his public!), not only to find out if the victims 受害者 of opium 鸦片 in India wished 希望 to continue the habit, but also threw 投掷:throw the whole burden 负荷，重负 of cost on the poverty 贫穷-stricken people of India—which he knew know perfectly 完美地，完满地 well they could not bear 生；熊. The original 原版的 resolution 解析度 had sprung out of a moral outcry 喊叫 against the China trade. Mr. Gladstone, in beginning again at the beginning, ignored 忽视 the China trade and the effects 影响 of opium 鸦片 on the Chinese.

But more many interesting, if less little significant 重大 than this attitude 态度, was the suggestion 建议 that the Indian government “continue their policy of greatly diminishing 减少 the cultivation 11 of the poppy 罂粟.” Now this suggestion conveyed 传达 an impression 印象 that was either true 真正的 or false 虚伪的. Either the Indian government was putting down opium 鸦片 or it was not. In either event 事件, if Mr. Gladstone was not fully 充分 informed 通知, it was his own fault 缺点, for the machinery 机器 of government was in his hands. The best way to straighten 变直 out this tangle 纠纷 would seem to be to consult 咨询；请教；查阅 the report of Mr. Gladstone’s commission 佣金. This commission 佣金, on its arrival 到达 in India, found find no trace 跟踪 of a policy of sup‧press 压制 the trade. Sir 先生 David Balfour, the head of the Indian Finance 金融 Department 7, said to the commission 佣金: “I was not aware 知道的 that that was the policy of the Home government until the statement 声明 was made.... The policy has been for some time to sell 卖 about the same amount every year, neither 都不 diminishing 减少 that amount nor 也不 increasing 增加 it. I should say decidedly 果断地, that at present our desire 希望 is to obtain 获得 the maximum 最大值 revenue 收入 from the opium 鸦片 consumed 消耗 in India.” As regarded 认为 the China trade, Sir 先生 David added 增加: “We will not largely increase the cultivation 12 because we shall be attacked 攻击 if we do so.” And this—“We have adopted 采用；收养 a middle 中部 course and preserved 保护；保持原状 the status 状态 quo with reference 参考 to the China trade.”

Mr. Gladstone’s resolution 解析度 was adopted by 184 votes 投票 to 105, the anti 抗-opium 鸦片 crusaders voting 投票 against it. And the Royal 王国的 Commission 佣金, with instructions 指令 not, as had been intended 意欲, to arrange 安排 the details 详述 of a plan for stopping 7 the opium 鸦片 traffic 交通, but with instructions 指令 to consider whether 8 it would pay to stop 9 it, and if not, whether 9 the people of India could be made to stand the loss 损失, started out on its rather hope‧less 绝望 journey 旅行.

One thing the crusaders had succeeded 成功 in accomplishing 完成；实现；达到；做到—they had forced the government to send 派遣；送 a commission 佣金 to India. They had got get one or two of their number on the body 身体. The commission 佣金 would have to hear the evidence 证据, would be forced to air 天空 the situation thoroughly 彻底, showing a paternal 父亲的 government not only manufacturing 制造 opium 鸦片 for the China trade, but actually 7, since 1891, manufacturing pills 丸 of opium 鸦片 mixed 混合 with spices 香料 for the children and infants 婴儿 of India. If the Indian government, now at last brought bring to an accounting 账；解释, wished 希望 to keep the opium 鸦片 business going, they could do two things—they could see that the “right” sort 11 of evidence 证据 was given give to the commission 佣金, and they could try to influence the commission 佣金 directly. They adopted 采用；收养 both courses; though it appears 出现 now, to one who goes over the attitude 态度 of the majority 多数 of the commission 佣金 and especially 尤其地 of Lord 主 Brassey, the chair‧man 主席, as shown show in the records 记录, that little direct influence was necessary. Lord Brassey and his majority 多数 were pro 亲-opium 鸦片, through and through. The Home government had seen see to that.

The problem, then, of the administrators 管理员 of the Indian government and of this pro 亲-opium 鸦片 commission 佣金 was to defend 辩护 a “ morally 道德的 indefensible” condition of affairs 7 in order to maintain 保持 the revenue 收入 of the Indian government. It was a problem neither 都不 easy 9 nor 也不 pleasant 可爱的.

The Viceroy of India was Lord 主 Lansdowne. He went at the problem with shrewdness and determination 决心. His attitude 态度 was precisely 精确地 what one has learned 学习:learn to expect in the viceroys of India. A later viceroy, Lord Curzon, has spoken 口头讲的 with infinite 无穷 scorn 鄙视 of the “opium 鸦片 faddists.” Lord 8 Lansdowne approached 靠近 the business in the same spirit 精神. He began begin by sending 派遣；送 a telegram 电报 from his government to the British Secretary 秘书 of State for India, which contained 包含 the following pass‧age 通道: “We shall be prepared to suggest 建议 non 非-official witnesses 目击；目击者, who will give independent 独立 evidence 证据, but we cannot under‧take 承担 to specially 特殊的 search 搜寻 for witnesses who will give evidence 证据 against opium 鸦片. We presume 假设 this will be done by the Anti-Opium Society 社会.” This mess‧age 信息 had been sent 9 in August, 1893, but it was not made public until the 18th of the following November. On November 20th Lord 9 Lansdowne sent a letter 信 to Lord 10 Brassey, “which,” says Mr. Henry J. Wilson, M. P., in his minority 少数民族 report, “was passed 8 around among the members [of the commission 佣金] for perusal. It contained 包含 a statement 声明 in favour of the existing 存在 opium 鸦片 system, and against interference 干涉 with that system as likely 10 to lead to serious 严肃的 trouble 8. This appeared 出现 to me a departure 离开 from the judicial 司法 attitude 态度 which might have been expected from Her Majesty’s representatives 7.”

From this Mr. Wilson goes on, in his report, to lay 放置 bare 光秃秃的 the methods 方法 of the Indian government in preparing 准备 evidence 证据 for the commission 佣金. To say that these methods 方法 show a departure 离开 from the expected “judicial 司法 attitude 态度” is to speak 6 with great moderation 适度. It is not necessary, I think, to weary 厌倦 the reader with the details 详述 of these extended 延伸 operations 操作. That is not the purpose of this writing. It should be enough to say that Lord 11 Lansdowne and his Indian government ordered that all evidence 证据 should be submitted 给 to the commission 佣金 through their offices 办公室; that only pro 亲-opium 鸦片 evidence 证据 was submitted; that a government official travelled 旅行 with the commission 佣金 and openly worked up the evidence 证据 in advance 往前推; that the minority 少数民族 members were hindered 阻碍 and hampered 阻碍 in their attempts 试图 at real investigation 调查, and were shadowed 阴影 by detectives 侦探 when they travelled independently 独立地 in the opium 鸦片-producing 生产 regions 地区; and, finally 最后, that Lord 12 Brassey abruptly 突然 closed the report of the commission 佣金 without giving the minority 少数民族 members an opportunity 机会 to discuss 讨论 it in detail 详述. The result of these methods 方法 was precisely 精确地 what might have been expected. Opium was declared 宣布 a mild 温柔的 and harm‧less 无害 stimulant for all ages 年龄. No home, in short 短的, was complete without it.

There is an answer 答复 to the report of the Royal 8 Commission 佣金 on opium 鸦片 more many telling than can be found find in speeches 演说 or in minority 少数民族 reports. In an earlier article 8 we examined 检查 into the beginnings of opium 鸦片. We saw see how it is grown and manufactured 制造; how it passes 走过 out of the hands of the British government into the currents 现在的 of trade; how it is carried 7 along on these currents—small quantities 量 of it washing 洗 up in passing 走过 the Straits and the Malay Archipelago—to China; how it blends 混合 at the Chinese ports 港口 in the flood 洪水 of the new native-grown opium 鸦片 and divides 分 among the trade currents 6 of that great empire 帝国 until every province 省 receives 收到 its supply 8 of the “foreign dirt 泥土.” Now let us follow it farther far; for it does not stop there.

The Chinese are great traders 商人 and great travellers. The weight 重量 of the national 国民 misery 10 presses 压 them out into whatever 7 new regions 地区 promise 允诺 a reward 报酬 for industry. They swarmed 一群 over the Pacific to America in a yellow 黄色的 cloud 云 until America, in sheer self 自己- defense 防守, barred 条；酒吧 them out. They swarmed 一群 south‧ward 南方‧病房 to Australia until Australia closed the doors 门 on them. They swarm 一群 to-day into the Philippines and into Malaysia. In the Straits Settlement 沉降, in a total 总共 population of a little over half a million, more many than half (282,000) are Chinese. When America would build the Panama Canal 运河, her first impulse 冲动 is to import 进口 the cheap 便宜的 Chinese labourer, who is always so eager 渴望的 to come. When Britain took over the Transvaal she imported 进口 70,000 Chinese labourers. And where the Chinese travel 旅行, opium 鸦片 travels 旅行 too.

The real answer 答复 to the Royal 9 Commission 佣金 on opium 鸦片 should be found find in the attitude 态度 of these countries which have had to face the opium 鸦片 problem along with the Chinese problem. Let us include in the list 清单 Japan, a country which has had a remark‧able 非凡的；奇异的；引人注目的 opportunity 机会 to view 6 the opium 鸦片 menace 威胁 at short 短的 range 范围；射程；类别. What Japan thinks about opium 鸦片, what Australia and the Transvaal and the United States think, what the Philippines think, is more many to the point than any first-hand statements 声明 of a magazine 杂志 reporter. We will take Japan first. Does Japan think that opium 鸦片 is invaluable 无价 as a general house‧hold 家庭 remedy 治疗法? Does Japan think that opium 鸦片 is good for children?

Here is what the Philippine Opium Commission 佣金, whose 谁的 report is accepted 承认 to-day as the most many authoritative 权威性 survey 调查 of the opium 鸦片 situation, has to say about opium 鸦片 in Japan:

“Japan, which is a non 非-Christian country, is the only country visited 访问 by the committee 委员会 where the opium 鸦片 question is dealt 很多；对付:deal with in the purely 纯的 moral and social aspect 方面.... Legislation 立法 is enacted 制定 without the distraction 娱乐 of commercial 商业的 motives 动机 and interest.... No surer 确信的 testimony 见证 to the reality 现实 of the evil 9 effects 影响 of opium 鸦片 can be found find than the horror 恐怖 with which China’s next- door 门 neighbour views 看法 it.... The Japanese to a man fear 害怕 opium 鸦片 as we fear the cobra or the rattle‧snake 霸王鞭‧蛇, and they despise 讨厌 its victims 受害者. There has been no moment 瞬间 in the nation’s history 历史 when the people have wavered 动摇 in their uncompromising attitude 态度 towards the drug 药物 and its use, so that an instinctive hatred 仇恨 possesses 拥有 them. China’s curse 诅咒 has been Japan’s warning 警告, and a warning heeded 注意. An opium 鸦片 user in Japan would be socially a leper.

“The opium 鸦片 law of Japan forbids 禁止 the importation, the possession 所有物, and the use of the drug 药物, except 把…除外 as a medicine 医学; and it is kept keep to the letter 信 in a population of 47,000,000, of whom 15 perhaps 25,000 are Chinese. So rigid 死板 are the provisions 规定 of the law that it is some‧time 有时, especially 尤其地 in interior 室内 towns 城镇, almost impossible 不可能的 to secure 安全 opium 鸦片 or its alkaloids in cases of medical 7 necessity 必须.... The government is determined 决心 to keep the opium 鸦片 habit strictly 严格的 con‧fine 局限 to what they deem 认为 to be its legitimate 合法 use, which use even, they seem to think, is dangerous 危险 enough to require 需要；有赖于；要求 special 特殊的 safe‧guard 保障.

“Certain persons are authorized 授权 by the head official of each district 地区 to manufacture 9 and prepare 准备 opium 鸦片 for medicinal purposes 6.... That which is up to the required 需要；有赖于；要求 standard 标准 (in quality 质量) is sold 卖:sell to the government: and that which falls 落下 short 短的 is destroyed 破坏. The accepted 承认 opium 鸦片 is sealed 封上，海豹 in proper 适当的 receptacles and sold 卖:sell to a selected 选择 number of whole‧sale 批发 dealers 商人，商贩 (apothecaries) who in turn provide physicians 医师 and retail 零售 dealers with the drug 药物 for medicinal uses only. It can reach 到达 the patient 有耐性的 for whose 谁的 relief 宽慰 it is desired 希望 only through the prescription 处方 of the attending 出席 physician 医师. The records 记录 of those who thus use opium 鸦片 in any of its various 11 forms must be preserved 保护；保持原状 for ten 十 years.

“The people not merely 7 obey 服从 the law, but they are proud 自豪的 of it; they would not have it altered 改变 if they could. It is the law of the government, but it is the law of the people also.... Apparently 7, the vigilance of the police 警察 is such that even when opium 鸦片 is successfully 顺利 smuggled 走私 in, it cannot be smoked 8 without detect‧ion 发现. The pungent fumes 烟 of cooked 烹调 opium 鸦片 are unmistakable 明白的, and betray 背叛 the user almost inevitably 必将.... There is an instance 例 on record 记录 where a couple 两；双 of Japanese lads 小伙子 in North 北方 Formosa experimented 实验 with opium 鸦片 just for a lark; and though they were guilty 有罪的；内疚的 only on this occasion 机会, they were detected 发现，察觉，看出, arrested 逮捕, and punished 处罚.”

That is what Japan thinks about opium 鸦片.

The conclusions 结论 of this Philippine Commission 佣金 formed the basis 基础 of the new opium 鸦片 prohibition 禁令 in the Philippines, which went into effect March 行军；三月 1, 1908. The plan is a modification 修改 of the Japanese system of dealing 很多；对付 with the evil 10.

Australia and New Zealand have also been forced to face the opium 鸦片 problem. New Zealand, by an act of 1901, amended 修改 in 1903, prohibits 禁止 the traffic 交通, and makes offenders 犯罪分子 liable 容易 to a penalty 罚款 not exceeding 超过 $2,500 (£500) for each offense 进攻. In the Australian Federal 联邦 Parliament the question was brought bring to an issue two or three years ago. Petitions bearing 生；熊 200,000 signatures 签名 were presented to the parliament 议会, and in response 响应 a law was enacted 制定 absolutely 完全地；绝对地 prohibiting 禁止 the importation of opium 鸦片, except 把…除外 for medicinal uses, after January 1, 1906. All the state governments of Australia lose 失去 revenue 收入 by this prohibition 禁令. The voice 嗓音 of the Australian people was apparently 8 expressed 表达 in the Federal 联邦 Parliament by Hon. V. L. Solomon, who said: “In the cities of the Southern 南部的 States any‧body 任何人 going to the opium 鸦片 dens 巢穴 would see hundreds 百 of apparently 9 respect‧able 可敬 Europeans indulging 放纵 in this horrible 可怕 habit. It is a hundred‧fold 百‧折叠 more many damaging 损害, both physically 物理 and morally 6, than the indulgence 放纵 in alcoholic 酒精 liquors 酒.”

That is what Australia and New Zealand think about opium 鸦片.

The attitude 态度 of the United States is thus described 描写 by the Philippine Commission 佣金: “It is not perhaps generally known know that in the only instance 例 where America has made official utterances 发声 relative 相关的 to the use of opium 鸦片 in the East, she has spoken 口头讲的 with no uncertain 不确定 voice 嗓音. By treaty 条约 with China in 1880, and again in 1903, no Americanbottoms 底部 are allowed 7 to carry 9 opium 鸦片 in Chinese waters. This ... is due 由于 to a recognition 认识 that the use of opium 鸦片 is an evil 11 for which no financial 金融 gain 获得 can compensate 补偿, and which America will not allow 允许 her citizens 公民 to encourage 鼓励 even passively 被动.” By the terms 学期 of this treaty 条约, citizens 6 of the United States are forbidden 禁止:forbid to “import 进口 opium 鸦片 into any of the open ports 港口 of China, or transport 运输 from one open port 港口 to any other open port 港口, or to buy 7 and sell 卖 opium 鸦片 in any of the open ports 港口 of China. This absolute 绝对的 prohibition 禁令 ... extends 延伸 to vessels 容器 owned by the citizens 7 or subjects 主题 of either power, to foreign vessels employed 7 by them, or to vessels owned by the citizens 8 or subjects 6 of either power and employed 8 by other persons for the transportation of opium 鸦片.” Thus the United States is flatly 平的；公寓 on record 6 as forbidding 禁止 her citizens 9 to engage 从事, in any way whatever 8, in the Chinese opium 鸦片 traffic 交通.

The last item 项目 of expert 专家 evidence 证据 which I shall present from the countries most many deeply 深深地；极其，非常 concerned 关心；涉及 in the opium 鸦片 question is from that British colony 8, the Transvaal. Were the subject 主题 less little grim 严峻, it would be difficult to rest‧rain 抑制 a smile 微笑 over this bit 一点 of evidence 证据—it is so human, and so humorous 幽默. For a century 7 and more many, Anglo-Indian officials have been kept keep busy 忙碌的 explaining 讲解 that opium 鸦片 is a heaven 天-sent blessing 祝福 to man‧kind 人类. It is quite 7 possible that many of them have come to believe the words they have repeated 重复 so often. Why not? China was a long way off—and India certainly did need the money. The poor 贫穷的 official had to please 请;讨人喜欢 the sovereign 君主 people back home, one way or another. If a choice 选择 between evils 邪恶的 seemed necessary, was he to blame 指责? We must try not to be too hard on the government official. Perhaps opium 鸦片 was good for children. Keep your blind 失明的 eye to the telescope 望远镜 and you can imagine 想象 anything you like.

 

WHERE THE CHINAMAN TRAVELS, OPIUM TRAVELS TOO
A Consignment of Opium from China to the United States, Photographed in the Custom 习惯 House, San Francisco

 

The situation was given give its grimly 严峻 humorous 幽默 twist 扭成一束 when the monster 怪物 opium 鸦片 began begin to invade 入侵 regions 地区 nearer home. It came into the Transvaal after the Boer War, along with those 70,000 Chinese labourers. The result can only be described 描写 as an opium 鸦片 panic 恐慌. I quote 引用, regarding 认为 it, from that “Memorandum Concerning Indo-Chinese Opium Trade,” which was prepared for the debate 辩论 in Parliament during May, 1906:

“The Transvaal offers 提供 a striking 敲击 illustration 插图 of the old pro‧verb 亲‧动词 as to chickens 鸡 coming home to roost.

“On the 6th of September, 1905, Sir 9 George Farrar moved the adjournment of the Legislative Council 7 at Pretoria, to call attention 注意 to ‘the enormous 巨大 quantity 量 of opium 鸦片’ finding its way into the Transvaal. He urged 催促 that ‘measures 8 should be taken for the immediate 立即的 stopping 8 of the traffic 交通.’ On 6th October, an ordinance 条例 was issued, restricting 限制 the importation of opium 鸦片 to registered 寄存器 chemists 化学家, only, according 协议 to regulations 规 to be prescribed 规定 by permits 许可 by the lieutenant 陆军中尉-governor 7—under a penalty 罚款 not exceeding 超过 £500 ($2,500), or imprisonment 徒刑 not exceeding 超过 six months 6.

“Any person in possession 所有物 of such substance 物质 ... except 7 for medicinal purposes 7, unless 除非 under a permit 许可, is liable 容易 to similar 类似 penalties 罚款. Stringent rights of search 搜寻 are given give to police 警察, con‧stable 警官, under certain circumstances 环境, without even the necessity 必须 of a written write authority 权威.

“The under- secretary 秘书 for the colonies 侨民 has also stated, ‘that the Chinese Labour Importation Ordinance, 1904, has been amended 修改 to penalize 惩罚 the possession 所有物 by, and supply 9 to, Chinese labourers of opium 鸦片.’”

Apparently opium 鸦片 is not good for the children of South 7 Africa. That it would be good (to get still nearer home) for the children and infants 婴儿 of Great Britain, is an idea 主意 so monstrous 滔天, so horrible 可怕, that I hardly dare 敢 suggest 建议 it. No one, I think, would go so far as to say that the Royal 10 Commission 佣金 would have reached 6 those same extra‧ordinary 非凡的 conclusions 结论 had the problem lain 躺；说谎:lie in Great Britain instead 代替 of in far-off India and China. Walk 走；步行同道 about, of a sunny 晴朗 after‧noon 下午, in Kensington Gardens. Watch 钟表；注视 the ruddy, healthy 健康 children sailing 航行；帆 their boats 小船 in the Round 圆形的；围绕 Pond, or playing in the long grass 草 where the sheep 羊 are nibbling, or running merrily 愉快的 along the well-kept keep borders 边；界 of the Serpentine. They are splendid 壮观的 youngsters 青少年, these little Britishers. Their skins 皮 are tanned 黄褐色, their eyes are clear, their little bodies 身体 are compactly 紧凑 knit 针织. Each child has its watchful nurse 护士. What would the mothers 母亲 say if His Majesty’s Most many Excellent 卓越的 Government should under‧take 承担 the manufacture 10 and distribution of attractive 有魅力的 little pills 丸 of opium 鸦片 and spices 香料 for these children, and should defend 辩护 its course not only on the ground 地面 that “the practice 练习 does not appear to any appreciable extent 7 injurious,” but also on the ground 6 that “the revenue 收入 obtained 获得 is indispensable 不可缺少 for carrying 运送；支撑 on the government with efficiency 效率”?

What would these British mothers 母亲 say? It is a fair 11 question. The “conservative 保守” pro 亲-opiumist is always ready 准备好的 with an answer 6 to this question. He claims 声称 that it is not fair. He maintains 保持 that the Oriental is different 9 from the Occidental— racially. Opium, he says, has no such marked 斑点；标注 effect on the Chinaman as it has on the Englishman, no such marked effect on the Chinese infant 婴儿 as it has on the British infant. I have met meet this “conservative 保守” pro 亲-opiumist many times on coasting 海岸 and river steamers 汽船 and in treaty 条约 port 港口 hotels 旅馆. I have been one of a group about a rusty 生疏 little stove 炉 in a German-kept keep hostelry where this question was thrashed 鞭打 out. Your “conservative 保守” is so cock 公鸡- sure 确信的 about it that he grows 生长；种植, in the heat 热 of his argument 论据, almost triumphant 凯. At first I thought think that perhaps he might be partially 部分 right. One man’s meat 肉 is occasionally 偶尔，间或；有时 another man’s poison 毒药. The Chinese differ 不同 from us in so many ways that possibly they might have a greater capacity 容量 to with‧stand 经受 the ravages 蹂躏 of opium 鸦片.

It was partly to answer 7 this question that I went to China. I did not leave China until I had arrived 到达 at an answer 8 that seemed convincing 说服. If, in presenting the facts in these columns 柱, the picture 照片 I have been painting 描绘；颜料 of China’s problem should verge 边缘 on the painful 痛苦, that, I am afraid 害怕的, will be the fault 缺点 of the facts. It is a picture of the hugest 巨大 empire 帝国 in the whole world, fighting 战斗 a curse 诅咒 which has all but mastered 主人；硕士 it, turning for aid 援助, in sheer despair 绝望, to the government, that has brought bring it to the edge 边 of ruin 破坏. Strange 奇怪；陌生 to say, this British government, as it is to-day constituted 构成，组成，被视作, would apparently like to help. But, across 穿过 the path 小路 of assistance 帮助 stands, like a grotesque 奇怪的, inhuman dragon 龙,—the Indian Revenue 收入.

 

 

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VIII

THE POSITION OF GREAT BRITAIN

An observant correspondent 通信者 recently 最近；近来 wrote write from Shanghai to a New York news‧paper 报纸: “China has missed 错过；想念 catching 抓；赶上 the fire 火 of the West 西 in the manner 方式 of Japan, and has lain 躺；说谎:lie idle 无意义的 and supine while neighbour and foreigner 外国的 despoiled her. Her statesman‧ship 政治家‧船 has been languid and irresolute, and her armies 军队 slow 慢的 and spirit‧less 精神‧少 in the field 田. Observers who know China, and are familiar 熟悉的 at the same time with the symptoms 症状 of opium 鸦片, say that it is as if the list‧less 清单‧少 symptoms of the drug 药物 were to be seen see in the very nation itself 本身. Many conclude 得出结论 that the military 军事 and political 政治的 inertia 惯性 of the Chinese is due 由于 to the special 特殊的 prevalence 流行 of the opium 鸦片 habit among the two classes 9 of Chinamen directly responsible 尽责的: both the soldiers and the scholars 学者, among whom 16 all the civil 国内 and political posts 邮件 are held hold in monopoly 垄断, are notoriously 臭名昭著 addicted 瘾君子 to opium 鸦片.”

The point which these chapters 章节 should make clear is that opium 鸦片 is the evil 12 thing which is not only holding China back but is also actually 8 threatening 威胁:threat to bring about the most many complete demoralization and decadence that any large portion 一部分；一份 of the world has ever experienced. It is evident 明显, in this day of extended 延伸 trade interests, that such a paralysis 麻痹 of the hugest 巨大 and the most many industrious of the great races 赛跑 would amount to a world- disaster 灾难，大祸. Already 早已；已经 the United States is suffering 受痛苦 from the weakness 弱点 of the Chinese government in Manchuria, which permits 许可 Japan to control 9 in the Manchurian province 省 and to discriminate 辨析 against American trade. This discrimination 区别 would appear to have been one strong 8 reason 理由 for the sailing 航行；帆 of the battle‧ship 与…作战‧船 fleet 舰队 to the Pacific. If this relatively 较好／较差等 small result of China’s weakness 弱点 and inertia 惯性 can arouse 引起 great nations and can play a part in the moving of great fleets 舰队, it is not difficult to imagine 想象 the world- importance 重要性 of a complete break‧down 分解. Every great Western nation has a trade or territorial 领土的 footing 脚；英尺 in China to defend 辩护 and maintain 保持. Every great Western nation is watching 钟表；注视 the complicated 使复杂化 Chinese situation with sleep‧less 睡‧少 eyes. Such a break‧down 分解 might quite 8 possibly mean the unconditional 无条件的 surrender 投降 of China’s destiny 命运 into the hands of Japan; which, with Japan’s growing 7 desire 希望 to dominate 支配 the Pacific, and with it the world, might quite 9 possibly mean the rapid 快速的 approach 靠近 of the great international 国际的 conflict 冲突.

We have seen see, in the course of these chapters 章节, that China appears 出现 to be almost completely in the grasp 把握 of her master 主人；硕士-vice 13. The opium 鸦片 curse 诅咒 in China is a dreadful 可怕 example of the economic 经济 waste 浪费 of evil 13. It has not only lowered the vitality 活力, and therefore 因此 the efficiency 效率 of men, women, and children in all walks 走；步行同道 of life, but it has also crowded 人群；拥挤 the healthier 健康 crops 农作物 off the land, usurped no small part of the industrial 产业 life, turned the balance of trade against China, plunged 跳水 her into wars, loaded 负荷 her with indemnity charges 装载, taken away part of her territory 疆土，领域, and made her the plundering 掠夺 ground 7 of the nations. She has been compelled 迫使 to look indolently on while Japan, alight 落 with the fire 火 of progress 进步, has raised 提升；种 her brown 棕色的 head proudly 自豪的 among the peoples of the West 6. So China has at last been driven 驾驶:drive to make a desperate 殊死 stand against the encroachments of the curse 诅咒 which is wrecking 破坏；使遇难 her. The fight 战斗 is on to-day. It is plain 8 that China is sincere 真诚的; she must be sincere, because her only hope lies 8 in conquering 征服 opium 鸦片. She has turned for help to Great Britain, for Britain’s Indian government developed the opium 鸦片 trade (“for purposes 8 of foreign commerce 10 only”) and continues to-day to pour 淋；倒 a flood 洪水 of the drug 药物 into the channels 渠道 of Chinese trade. Once China thought think to crowd 人群；拥挤 out the Indian product 8 byproducing 生产 the drug 药物 her‧self 她自己, as a preliminary 初步 to controlling 控制 the traffic 交通, but she has never been able to develop a grade 年级 of opium 鸦片 that can compete 竞赛 with the brown 棕色的 paste 粘贴；面团 from the Ganges Valley 山谷.

This summing 和 up brings us to a consideration 考虑 of two questions which must be considered sooner 立刻 or later by the people of the civilized 使文明 world:

1. Can China hope to conquer 征服 the opium 鸦片 curse 诅咒 without the help of Great Britain?

2. What is Great Britain doing to help her?

In attempting 试图 to work out the answer 9 to these questions, we must think of them simply as practical 实践的 problems bearing 生；熊 on the trade, the territorial 领土的 development 发展，成长, and the military 军事 and naval 海 power of the nations. We must try for the present to ignore 忽视 the mere 仅仅 moral and ethical 合乎道德的 suggestions 建议 which the questions arouse 引起.

First, then: can China, single 单一的-handed, possibly succeed 成功 in this fight 6, now going on, against the slow 慢的 paralysis 麻痹 of opium 鸦片?

China is not a nation in the sense in which we ordinarily 普通的 use the word. If we picture 照片 to ourselves 我们自己 the countries of Europe, with their different languages 语言 and different customs drawn 绘画:draw together 同时 into a loose 松的 confederation under the government of a conquering 征服 race, we shall have some small concept‧ion 概念 of what this Chinese “nation” really is. The peoples of these different European countries are all Caucasians; the different peoples of China are all Mongolians. These Chinese people speak 7 eighteen 十八 or twenty 二十 “ languages,” each divided 分 into almost innumerable 无数 dialects 方言 and sub 子-dialects 方言. They are governed by Manchu, or Tartar, conquerors who spring 7 from a different stock 股份, wear 穿着 different costumes 服装, and speak 8, among themselves, a language 7 wholly 全 different from any of the eighteen 十八 or twenty 二十 native tongues 舌头.

In making this diversity 多样 clear, it is necessary only to cite 举例 a few illustrations 插图. There is not even a standard 7 of currency 钱 in China. Each province 省 or group of provinces 省 has its own standard 8 tael, differing 不同 greatly in value from the tael which may be the basis 基础 of value in the next province 省 or group. There is no government coin‧age 硬币‧年龄 whatever 9. All the mints 薄荷 are privately 私有的 owned and are run for profit 收益 in supplying 供给 the local 8 demand for currency, and the basis of this currency is the Mexican dollar 美元, a foreign unit 单位. They make dollar bills 账单 in Honan Province 省. I went into Chili Province 省 and offered 提供 some of these Honan bills in exchange 交换 for purchases 采购. The merchants merely 8 looked at them and shook 摇晃:shake their heads. “Tientsin dollar 美元 have got get?” was the question. So the money of a community or a province 省 is simply a local 9 commodity 商品 and has either a lower 6 value or no value else‧where 在别处, for the simple 6 reason 6 that the average 平常的 Chinaman knows only his local money and will accept 承认 no other. The diversity 多样 of language 8 is as easily 轻易地 observed 观察 as the diversity 多样 of coin‧age 硬币‧年龄. On the wharves at Shanghai you can hear a Canton Chinaman and a Shanghai Chinaman talking 说话 together 同时 in pidgin English, their only means of communication 通讯. When I was travelling 6 in the Northwest, I was accosted in French one day by a Chinese station 站- agent 代理人, on the Shansi Railroad 铁路, who frankly 坦率地说 said that he was led lead to speak 9 to me, a foreigner 外国的, by the fact that he was a “ foreigner” too. With his blue 9 gown 袍 and his black 黑色 pig‧tail 猪‧尾, he looked to me no different from the other natives 本土的; but he told tell me that he found find the language 9 and customs of Shansi “difficult,” and that he some‧time 有时 grew 生长；种植:grow home‧sick 家‧病；恶心 for his native city in the South 8.

That the Chinese of different provinces 省 really regard 认为 one another as foreigners 外国人 may be illustrated 说明 by the fact that, during the Boxer troubles 麻烦 about Tientsin, it was a common 8 occurrence 发生 for the northern 北方的 soldiers to shoot 射击；拍摄 down indiscriminately with the white men any Cantonese who appeared 出现 within rifle 步枪-shot 射击；拍摄:shoot.

This diversity 多样, probably a result of the cost and difficulty 困难 of travel 旅行, is a factor 因子 in the immense 极大的 inertia 惯性 which hinders 阻碍 all progress 7 in China. People who differ 不同 in coin‧age 硬币‧年龄, language 10, and customs, who have never been taught 教:teach to “think imperially 帝国” or in terms 学期 other than those of the village 村庄 or city, cannot easily 轻易地 be led lead into coöperation on a large scale 规模. It is difficult enough, Heaven 天 knows, to effect any real change in the government of an American city or state, or of the nation, let alone 单独的 effecting 影响 any real changes in the habits 习惯 of men. Witness 目击；目击者 our own struggle 挣扎；搏斗 against graft 接枝. Witness also the vast 广大 struggle against the liquor 酒 traffic 交通 now going on in a score 得分了 of our states. Even in this land of ours, which is so new that there has hardly been time to form traditions 传统; which is alert 警报 to the value of changes and quick 快的 to leap 飞跃 in the direction 方向 of progress 8; which is essentially 基本的 homogeneous 同质 in structure 结构体, with but one language 11, innumerable 无数 daily 每日的 news‧paper 报纸, and a close net‧work 网 of fast 快的, comfort‧able 舒服；自在 rail‧way 铁路 trains 火车；训练 to keep the various communities in touch 触摸 with the prevailing 战胜 idea 主意 of the moment 瞬间, how easy do we find it to wipe 擦 out race-track 小路 gambling 赌, say, or to make our insurance 保险 laws really effective 9, or to check 检查 the corrupt 腐败 practices 练习 of corporations 公司, or to establish 建立 the principle 原理 of local municipal 市政 owner‧ship 物主身份? To put it in still another light, how easy do we find it to bring about a change which the great majority 多数 of us agree 同意 would be for the better well, such as making over the costly, cumbersome 笨重 express 表达 business into a government parcels 包袱 post 邮件?

But there are large money interests which would suffer 受痛苦 by such reforms 改革, you say? True 真正的; and there are large money interests suffering 受痛苦 by the opium 鸦片 reforms 改革 in China, relatively 较好／较差等 as large as any money interests we have in this country. The opium 鸦片 reforms 改革 affect 影响 the large and the small farmers 农场主, the manufacturers 生产厂家, the transportation companies, the bankers 银行家, the commission 佣金 men, the hundreds 百 of thou‧sand 千 of shop‧keeper 店主, and the government revenues 收入, for the opium 鸦片 traffic 交通 is an almost inextricable strand 缕 in the fabric 布 of Chinese commerce 11. In addition 加成 to these bewildering 困惑 complications 复杂化 of the problem, there is the discouraging 不鼓励 inertia 惯性 to over‧come 战胜 of a land which, far from being alert 警报 and active 积极的, is sunk 淹没:sink in the lethargy of ancient 古代的 local custom 习惯.

No, in putting down her master 主人；硕士-vice 14, China must not only over‧come 战胜 all the familiar 熟悉的 economic 经济 difficulties 困难 that tend 照料 to block 块 reform 改革 everywhere 10, but, in addition 加成, must find a way to rouse 唤醒 and energize 通电 the most many backward 向后的 and ( out‧side 在外面 of the age 6-old grooves 槽 of conduct 进行 and government) the most many unmanageable empire 9 in the world.

On what element 元件 in her population must China rely 依靠 to put this huge 巨大 reform 改革 into effect? On the officials, or mandarins, who carry out the govern‧mental 政府 edicts in every province 省, administer 管理 Chinese just‧ice 正义, and control the military 军事 and finances 金融. But of these officials, more many than ninety 九十 per cent. have been known know to be opium 鸦片-smokers 抽烟者, and fully 充分 fifty 五十 per cent. have been financially 经济 interested in the trade.

Still another obstacle 障碍 blocking 块 reform 改革 is the powerful 强大 example and wide‧spread 广泛 influence of the treaty 条约 ports 港口. Perhaps the white race is “superior 优越” to the yellow 8; I shall not dispute 争议 that notion 概念 here. But one fact which I know personally 亲自 is that every one of the treaty 条约 ports 港口, where the white men rule 规则, including 包括 the British crown 王冠 colony 9 of Hongkong, chose 挑选:choose last year to maintain 保持 its opium 鸦片 revenue 收入 regard‧less 而不管 of the protests 抗议 of the Chinese officials.

Putting down opium 鸦片 in China would appear to be a pretty 漂亮的 big job. The “vested 背心 interests,” yellow 9 and white, are against a change; the personal 个人 habits 习惯 of the officials themselves work against it; the British keep on pouring 淋；倒 in their Indian opium 鸦片; and by way of a positive 正 force on the affirmative 肯定 side of the question there would appear to be only the lethargy and impotence of a decadent, chaotic 混乱的 race. How would you like to tackle 滑车 a problem of this magnitude 大小, as Yuan Shi K’ai and Tong Shao-i have done? Try to organize 组织 a campaign 运动 in your home town 城镇 against the bill 账单- board 板，上船 nuisance 讨厌事; against corrupt 腐败 politics 政治; against drink 喝（酒） or cigarettes 香烟，纸烟. Would it be easy to succeed 成功? When you have thought think over some of the difficulties 6 that would block 块 you on every hand, multiply 乘 them by fifty 五十 thou‧sand 千 and then take off your hat 帽子 to Tong Shao-i and Yuan Shi K’ai. Personally 亲自, I think I should prefer 更喜欢 under‧take 承担 to stamp 邮票 out drink 喝（酒） in Europe. I should know, of course, that it would be rather a difficult business, but still it would be easier 容易的 than this Chinese pro‧position 主张.

So much for the difficulties 7 of the problem. Suppose 假定 now we take a look at the results of the first year of the fight 7. There are no exact 准确的 statistics 统计数据；统计资料 to be had, but based 底；基础 as it is on personal 个人 travel 旅行 and observation 意见, on reports of travelling 7 officials, merchants, missionaries 传教士, and of other journalists 记者 who have been in regions 地区 which I did not reach 到达, I think my estimate 估计 should be fairly 公正地，一定地 accurate 准确的；精确的；正确的. Remember 记得, this is a fight 8 to a finish 完成. If the Chinese government loses 失去, opium 鸦片 will win 赢.

The plan of the government, let me repeat 重复, is briefly 短时间地 as follows: First, the area under poppy 罂粟 cultivation 13 is to be decreased 减少 about ten 十 per cent. each year, until that cultivation 14 ceases 停止 altogether 全部地; and simultaneously 同时 the British government is to be requested 要求 to decrease 减少 the exportation of opium 鸦片 from India ten 十 per cent. each year. Second, all opium 鸦片 dens 巢穴 or places where couches 长椅 or lamps 灯 are supplied 供给 for public smoking are to be closed at once under penalty 罚款 of confiscation. Third, all persons who purchase 采购 opium 鸦片 at sale 9 shops 9 are to be registered 寄存器, and the amount supplied to them to be diminished 减少 from month 月 to month 6. Meantime 其时, the farmer 农场主 is to be given give all possible advice 劝告 and aid 援助 in the matter of substituting 替代 some other crop 11 for the poppy 罂粟; opium 鸦片 cures 治愈 and hospitals 医院 are to be established 建立 as widely 范围广地；广泛地 as possible; and preachers 牧师 and lecturers 讲师 are to be sent out to explain 讲解 the dangers 危险 of opium 鸦片 to the illiterate 文盲 millions.

The central 中央 government at Peking started in by giving the high officials six months 7 in which to change their habits 习惯. At the end of that period 时期，时间 a large number were suspended 暂停 fromoffice 办公室, including 包括 Prince Chuau and Prince Jui.

In one opium 鸦片 province 省, Shansi, we have seen see that the enforcement was at the start effective 10. The evidence 证据, gathered 收集 with some difficulty 困难 from residents 居民 and travellers, from road‧side 路边 gossip 八卦, and from talks 说话 with officials, all went to show that the dens 巢穴 in all the leading cities were closed, that the manufacturers 生产厂家 of opium 鸦片 and its accessories 附件 were going out of business, and that the farmers 6 were beginning to limit 限制 their crops 农作物.

The enforcements in the adjoining 毗 province 省, Chih-li 里, in which lies 9 Peking, was also thoroughly 彻底 effective 11 at the start. The opium 鸦片 dens 巢穴 in all the large cities were closed during the spring 8, and the restaurants 饭店 and disorderly 混乱 houses which had formerly 以前的 served 服务；（为…）工作 opium 鸦片 to their customers 顾客 surrendered 投降 their lamps 灯 and implements 实行. Through‧out 始终 the other provinces 省 north 北方 of the Yangtse River, while there was evidence 证据 of a fairly 公正地，一定地 consistent 一贯 attempt 试图 to enforce 执行 the new regulations 规, the results were not altogether 全部地 satisfying 使满意. Along the central 中央 and southern 南部的 coast, from Shanghai to Canton, the enforcement was effective in about half the important centers of population. In Canton, or Kwangtung Province 省, the prohibition 禁令 was practically 实践的 complete.

The real test 试验 of the prohibition 禁令 movement 运动 is to come in the great interior 室内 provinces 省 of the South 9, Yunnan and Kweichou, and in the huge 巨大 western province 省 of Sze-chuan. It is in these regions 地区 that opium 鸦片 has had its strongest 强的 grip 握 on the people, and where the financial 金融 and agricultural 农业的 phases 相 of the problems are most many acute 急性. All observers 观察者 recognized 认出 that it was unfair 不公平 to expect immediate 立即的 and complete prohibition 禁令 in these regions 地区, where opium 鸦片-growing 8 is quite as grave 坟墓；严重的 a question as opium 鸦片-smoking. The beginning of the enforcement 10 in Sze-chuan seems to have been cautious 小心的 but sincere 真诚的. In this one province 省 the share 股 of the imperial 帝国 tax 税；使负重担 on opium 鸦片 alone 单独的, over and above 7 local needs, amounts 量 to more many than $2,000,000 ( gold 金), and, thanks 谢谢 to the constant 不变 demands 要求 of the foreign powers for their “indemnity” money, the imperial 帝国 government is hardly in a position 位置 to forego 放弃 its demands on the provinces 省. But recognizing 认出 that a new revenue 收入 must be built build up to sup‧plant SUP‧植物；种 the old, the three new opium 鸦片 commissioners 专员 of Sze-chuan have begun begin by preparing 准备 addresses 地址 explaining 讲解 the evils 邪恶的 of opium 鸦片, and sending 派遣；送 out “public orators” to deliver 发表 them to the people. They have also used the local news‧paper 报纸 extensively 广阔的 for their educational 教育性 work; and they have sent out the provincial 省级 police 7 to make lists 清单 of all opium 鸦片-smokers 抽烟者, post 邮件 their names on the out‧side 在外面 of their houses, and make certain that they will be debarred from all public employment 雇用 and from posts 邮件 of honour. The chief 主要；首领 commissioner 专员, Tso, declares 宣布 that he will clear Chen-tu, the provincial 省级 capital 首都, a city of 400,000 inhabitants 居民, of opium 鸦片 within four years; and no one seems to doubt 怀疑 that he will do it as effectively 有效地 as he has cleared the streets 街 of the beggars 乞丐 for which Chen-tu was formerly 以前的 notorious 臭名昭著. When Mr. J. G. Alexander, of the British Anti-Opium Society 社会, was in Chen-tu last year, this same Commissioner Tso called a mass 大量-meeting for him, at which the native officials and gentry 绅 sat 坐:sit on the platform 平台 with representatives 8 of the missionary 传教士 societies 社会, and ten 十 thou‧sand 千 Chinese crowded 6 about to hear Mr. Alexander’s address 地址.

The most many disappointing 使失望 region 地区 in the matter of the opium 鸦片 prohibition 禁令 is the upper 上面的 Yangtse Valley 山谷. In the lower 7 valley 8, from Nanking down to Soochow and Shanghai (native city), the enforcement 11 ranges 范围；射程；类别 from partial 局部 to complete. But in the upper valley 9, from Nanking to Hankow and above 8, I could not find the slightest 6 evidence 证据 of enforcement 12. At the river ports 港口 the dens 巢穴 were running openly, many of them with doors 门 opening directly off the street 街 and with smokers 抽烟者 visible 可以看见的；可视的 on the couches 长椅 within. The viceroy of the upper Yangtse provinces 省, Chang-chi-tung, “the Great Viceroy,” has been recognized 认出 for a generation 代 as one of China’s most many advanced 往前推 thinkers 思想家 and reformers 改革者. His book 书, “China’s Only Hope,” has been translated 翻译 into many languages 语言, and is recognized 6 as the most many eloquent 雄辩 analysis 分析 of China’s problems ever made by Chinese or Manchu. In it he is flatly 平的；公寓 on record 7 against opium 鸦片. Indeed 8, when governor 8 of Shansi, twenty 二十 odd 奇 years ago, this same official sent out his soldiers to beat 打败 down the poppy 罂粟 crop 12. Yet it was in this vice‧royalty 副职的；副的‧王族成员 alone 单独的, among all the larger sub‧division 细分 of China, that there was no evidence 证据 whatever 10 last year of an intention 意图 to enforce 执行 the anti 抗-opium 鸦片 edicts. The only explanation 说明 of this state of things seems to be that Chang-chi-tung is now a very old man, and that to a great extent 8 he has lost 失去的 his vigour and his grip 握 on his work. Whatever 11 the reason 7, this fact has been used with telling effect in pro 亲-opium 鸦片 arguments 论据 in the British Parliament as an illustration 插图 of China’s “insincerity.”

The situation seems to sum 和 up about as follows: The prohibition 禁令 of opium 鸦片 was immediately 立即，马上 effective over about one- quarter 四分之一 of China, and partially 部分 effective over about two-thirds. This, it has seemed to me, considering the difficulty 7 and immensity of the problem, is an extraordinary 9 record 8. Every opium 鸦片 den 巢穴 actually 9 closed in China represents 代表 a victory 胜利. Whether the dens 巢穴 will stay 停留 closed, after the first frenzy 发狂 of reform 改革 has passed 9, or whether the prohibition 禁令 movement 运动 will gain 获得 in strength 力量 and effectiveness 效用, time alone 单独的 will tell. But there is an ancient 古代的 popular 流行的 saying in China to this effect, “Do not fear 6 to go slowly 缓慢地，慢吞吞地; fear 7 to stop.”

We have seen see, then, that while the Chinese are fighting 战斗 the opium 鸦片 evil ear‧nest 热心的, and in part effectively 有效地, they are still some little way short 6 of conquering 征服 it. Also, we must not forget 忘记, that all reforms 改革 are strongest 强的 in their beginnings. The Chinese, no less little than the rest 休息，其余 of us, will take up a moral issue in a burst 爆裂 of enthusiasm 热情. But human beings 蜜蜂 cannot continue indefinitely 无限期 in a bursting 爆裂 condition. Reaction 反应 must always follow extraordinary 10 exertion, and it is then that the habits 习惯 of life regain 恢复 their ascendency. Remarkable 非凡的；奇异的；引人注目的 as this reform 改革 battle 与…作战 has been in its results, it certainly cannot show a complete, or even a half-complete, victory 胜利 over the brown 棕色的 drug 药物. And mean‧time 其时 the government of British India is pouring 淋；倒 four-fifths of its immense 9 opium 鸦片 production 9 into China by way of Hongkong and the treaty 条约 ports 港口. It should be added 增加, further 7, that while the various self 8-governing ports 港口, excepting 把…除外 Shanghai, have very recently 最近；近来 been forced, one by one, to cover 覆盖 up at least 6 the appearance 外貌 of evil, the crown 王冠 colony 10 of Hongkong, which is under the direct rule 规则 of Great Britain, is still clinging 依偎 doggedly to its opium 鸦片 revenues 收入. The whole miserable 悲惨的 business was summed 和 up thus in a recent 最近的 speech 演说 in the House of Commons: “The mischief 恶作剧 is in China; the money is in India.”

What is Great Britain doing to help China? His Majesty’s government has indulged 放纵 in a resolution 解析度 now and then, has expressed 表达 diplomatic 外交 “ sympathy 同情” with its yellow 10 victims 受害者, and has even “ urged 催促” India in the matter, but is it really doing anything to help?

There are reasons 理由 why the world has a right to ask this question.

If China is to grow 生长；种植 weaker 柔弱的, she must ultimately 最终 submit 给 to conquest 征服 by foreign powers. There are nine 九 or ten 十 of these powers which have some sort of a footing 脚；英尺 in China. No one of them trusts 信任 any one of the others 8, therefore 7 each must be prepared to fight 9 in defense 防守 of its own interests. It is not safe 安全的 to tempt 引诱 great commercial 商业的 nations with a prize 奖赏 so rich 富有的 as China; they might yield 屈服. Once this conquest 征服, this “partition 划分,” sets in, there can result nothing but chaos 混沌 and world- wide 宽的 trouble 9.

The trend 趋势 of events 事件 is to-day in the direction 方向 of this world- wide trouble 10. The only apparent 清晰可见的；显而易见的；明白易懂的 way to head it off is to begin strengthening 加强 China to a point where she can defend 辩护 her‧self 她自己 against conquest 征服. The first step in this strengthening process 过程；步骤 is the putting down of opium 鸦片—there is no other first step. Before you can put down opium 鸦片, you have got get to stop opium 鸦片 production 10 in India. And therefore 8 the Anglo-Indian opium 鸦片 business is not England’s business, but the world’s business. The world is to-day paying the cost of this highly expensive 昂贵的 luxury 豪华 along with China. Every sallow morphine victim 受害者 on the streets 街 of San Francisco, Chicago, and New York is helping to pay for this government traffic 交通 in vice 15.

But is Great Britain planning to help China?

The government of the British empire 10 is at present in the hands of the Liberal 自由主义的 party 社交聚会, which has within it a strong 9 reform 改革 element 元件. From the Tory party nothing could be expected; it has always worshipped 崇拜 the Things that Are, and it has always defended 辩护 the opium 鸦片 traffic 交通. If either party is to work this change, it must be that one which now holds the reins 缰绳 of power. And yet, after generations 代 of fighting 战斗 against the government opium 鸦片 industry on the part of all the reform 改革 organizations 组织 in England, after Parliament has twice 两次 been driven 驾驶:drive to vote 投票 a resolution 解析度 condemning 谴责 the traffic 交通, after generations 代 of statesmen, from Palmerston through Gladstone to John Morley, have held hold out assurances 保证 of a change, after the Chinese government, tired 使…疲惫 of waiting 等候 on England, has begun begin the struggle 7, this is the final 最后 concession 让步 on England’s part:

The British government has agreed 同意 to decrease 减少 the exportation of Indian opium 鸦片 about eight 八 per cent. per year during a trial 试验；审判 period 时期，时间 of three years, in order to see whether the cultivation 15 of the poppy 罂粟 and the number of opium 鸦片-smokers 抽烟者 is lessened 变少；减轻. Should such be the case, exportation to China will be further 8 decreased 减少 gradually 逐步地.

The reader will observe 观察 here some very pretty 漂亮的 diplomatic 外交 juggling 变戏法. There is here none 没有人 of the spirit 6 which animated 活跃 the United States last year in proposing 提议 voluntarily 自行 to give up a consider‧able 大量 part of its indemnity money. The British government is yielding 屈服 to a tremendous 巨大 popular 流行的 clamour at home; but nothing more many. Could a government offer 提供 less little by way of carrying 运送；支撑 out the conviction 定罪 of a national 国民 parliament 议会 to the effect that “the methods 方法 by which our Indian opium 鸦片 revenues 收入 are derived 派生 are morally 7 indefensible”? The English people are urging 催促 their government, the Chinese are diplomatically 外交 putting on pressure 压（力）, the United States is organizing 组织 an international 7 opium 鸦片 commission 佣金 on the ground 8 that the nations which consume 消耗 Indian and Chinese opium 鸦片 have, willy-nilly 零, a finger 手指 in the pie 馅饼. And by way of response 响应 to this pressure the British government agrees 同意 to lessen 变少；减轻 very slightly 稍稍，少量 its export 出口 for a few years, or until the pressure is removed 去掉 and the trade can slip 滑 back to normal 正常!

There are not even assurances 保证 that the agreement 协议 will be carried 8 out. While this very agitation 搅动 has been going on, since these chapters 章节 began begin to appear in Success 成功 Magazine 杂志, the annual 全年 export 出口 of Bengal opium 鸦片 has increased (1906-1908) from 96,688 chests to 101,588 chests. And it is well to remember 记得 that after Mr. Gladstone, as prime 主要 minister 大臣, had given give assurances 保证 of a “great reduction 减少” in the traffic 交通, the officials of India admitted 许可进入 that they had not heard hear of any such reduction.

A few months 8 ago, the Government issued a “White Paper 纸；报纸” containing 包含 the correspondence 对应 with China on the opium 鸦片 question, so that there is no dependence 依赖 on hear‧say 听到‧说 in this arraignment of the British attitude 态度. Let us glance 一瞥 at an excerpt 摘抄 or two from these official British letters 信. This, for example:

“The Chinese proposal 提议, on the other hand, which involves 参与，包括 extinction 灭绝 of the import 进口 in nine 九 years, would commit 承诺 India irrevocably, and in advance 往前推 of experience, to the complete suppression 抑制 of an important trade, and goes beyond 超过 the under‧lie 是…的深层原因；对…有重大影响 condition of the scheme 方案, that restriction 受限制的，受约束的 of import 进口 from abroad 到国外, and reduction 减少 of production 11 in China, shall be brought bring pari passu into play.”

Not content 内容 with this rather sordid expression 表现, His Majesty’s Government goes on to point out that, under existing 存在 treaties 条约, China cannot refuse 拒绝 to admit 许可进入 Indian opium 鸦片; that China cannot even increase the import 进口 duty 职责 on Indian opium 鸦片 without the per‧mission 允许 of Great Britain; that before Great Britain will consider the question of permanently 永久 reducing 减少 her production China must prove 证明 that the number of her smokers 抽烟者 has diminished 减少; that the opium 鸦片 traffic 交通 is to be continued at least 7 for another ten 十 years; and then indulges 放纵 in this superb 高超 deliverance:

The proposed 提议 limitation 局限性 of the export 出口 to 60,000 chests from 1908 is thought think to be a very substantial 大量的 reduction 减少 on this figure, and the view 7 of the Government of India is that such a standard 9 ought 应当 to satisfy 使满意 the Chinese Government for the present.

Even by their own estimate 估计, after taking out the proposed total 6 decrease 减少 of 15,300 chests in the Chinese trade, the Indian Government will, during the next three years, unload 卸下 more many than 170,000 chests of opium 鸦片 on a race which it has brought bring to degradation 降解, which is to-day struggling 挣扎；搏斗 to over‧come 战胜 demoralization, and which is appealing 上诉 to England and to the whole civilized 使文明 world for aid 援助 in the unequal 不等 contest 比赛.

We must try to be fair to the gentlemen-officials who see the situation only in this curious 8 half-light. “It is a practical 实践的 question,” they say. “The law of trade is the balance-sheet 11. It is not our fault 缺点 as individuals 单个 that opium 鸦片, the commodity 商品, was launched 发射 out into the channels 渠道 of trade; but since it is now in those channels 渠道, the law of trade must rule 规则, the balance-sheet 12 must balance. Opium means $20,000,000 a year to the Indian Government—we cannot give it up.”

The real question would seem to be whether they can afford 买得起 to continue receiving 收到 this revenue 收入. Opium does not appear to be a very valuable 贵重的 commodity 商品 in India itself 本身. Just as in China, it degrades 降级 the people. The profits 收益 in production, for every‧body 每人 but the government, are so small that the strong hand of the law has often, nowadays 现在, to be exerted 发挥 in order to keep the ryots (farmers 7) at the task 任务 of raising 提升；种 the poppy 罂粟. There are many thoughtful 周到 observers 观察者 of conditions 9 in India who believe it would be highly “ practical 实践的” to devote 奉献 the rich 7 soil 泥土 of the Ganges Valley 10 to crops 农作物 which have a sound 声音 economic 6 value to the world.

But more many than this, the opium 鸦片 programme saps 树液 India as it saps 树液 China. The position 位置 of the Englishman in India to-day is by no means so secure 安全 that he can afford 买得起 to indulge 放纵 in bad 7 government. The spirit 7 of democracy 民主 and socialism 社会主义 has already 6 spread 8 through Europe and has entered 6 Asia. In Japan, trade-unions 同盟 are striking 敲击 for higher wages 工资. In China and India, are already 7 heard hear the mutterings 咕哝 of revolution 革命. The British government may yet have to settle 解决；定居 up, in India as well as in China, for its opium 鸦片 policy. And when the day for settling 解决；定居 up comes, it may perhaps be found find that a higher balance-sheet 13 than that which rules 规则 the government opium 鸦片 industry may force Great Britain to pay—and pay dear 亲爱的.

Yes, the world has some right to make demands 要求 of England in this matter. China can make no real progress 9 in its struggle 8 until the Indian production and exportation are flatly 平的；公寓 abolished 废除.

The situation has distinctly 历历 not grown better well since the magazine 杂志 publication 出版物 of the first of these chapters 章节, a year ago. If the reader would like to have an idea 6 of where Great Britain stands to-day on the opium 鸦片 business, he can do no better well than to read the following excerpts 摘抄 from a speech 演说 made last spring 9 by the Hon. Theodore C. Taylor, M. P., on his return 回转 from a journey 旅行 round 7 the world, undertaken for the purpose of personally 亲自 investigating 调查 the opium 鸦片 problem.

First, this:

“We shall not begin to have the slightest 7 right to ask that China should give proof 证明 of her genuineness about reform 改革 until we show more many proof of our own genuineness about reform 改革, and until we sup‧press 压制 the opium 鸦片 traffic 交通 where we can. China has taken this difficult reform 改革 in hand. She has done much, but not every‧thing 每件事物. In Shanghai, Hongkong, and the Straits, we have done nothing at all. I want to say this morning 早晨, as pricking 刺 the bubble 泡沫 of our own Pharisaism, that from the point of view 8 of reform 改革, the blackest 黑色 opium 鸦片 spots 地点 in China are the spots under British rule 6.”

And then, in conclusion 结论, this:

“I am convinced 说服, and deeply 深深地；极其，非常 convinced 说服, as every observant and thoughtful 周到 man is that knows anything of China, that China is a great coming power. I was talking 说话 to a fellow 同伴 member of the House of Commons who lately 近来 went to China, and went into bar‧rack 营房 and camps 营地 with the Chinese, and who made it his business to study Chinese military 军事 affairs 8, which generally excite 使兴奋 so much laughter 笑 out‧side 在外面 China. He spent 用过的 a good deal of time with the Chinese soldier 士兵. He said to me, as many other people have said to me, ‘The Chinaman is splendid 壮观的 raw 生的 material 材料 as a soldier, and, if his officers 军官；指挥官 would properly 正确地 lead the Chinaman, he would follow and make the finest 好的 soldier in the world, bar 条；酒吧 none 没有人.’ It will take China a long, long time to organize 组织 her‧self 她自己; it will take her a long time to organize her army 8 and navy 海军; it will take a long time to get rid 使摆脱 of the system of bribery 行贿 in China, which is one of the hindrances to putting down the opium 鸦片 traffic 交通; but, depend 依靠 upon it, the time is coming, not perhaps very soon 10, but by and by—and nations have long memories 记忆—when those who are alive 活的；有生命的 to see the development 发展，成长 of China will be very glad 高兴的 that, when China was weak 柔弱的 and we were strong, we, of our own motion 运动, without being made to, helped China to get away from this terrible 可怕的 curse 9.”

 

 

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Appendix—A Letter from the Field

THE OPIUM CLIMAX IN SHANGHAI

Editor 编辑 “ Success 成功 Magazine 杂志”:

It is fitting 合适 that in the columns 柱 of Success, a magazine 杂志 which has so recently 最近；近来 investigated 调查 and so thoroughly 彻底 and ably 能够的 reported upon the opium 鸦片 curse 10 in China, there should appear the account 账；解释 of a unique 独特 ceremony 典礼 held hold in the International 8 Settlement 沉降 of Shanghai, illustrating 说明 in a striking 敲击 manner 方式 the general feeling of the Chinese towards the anti 抗-opium 鸦片 movement 运动 and setting an example that will make its influence felt feel in the most many remote 远程 provinces 省 of the empire 11. In response 响应 to liberal 自由主义的 advertising 做广告 there assembled 集合 in the spacious 宽敞 grounds 地面 of Chang Su Ho’s Gardens, on the after‧noon 下午 of Sunday, May 3, 1908, some two or three thou‧sand 千 of Shanghai’s leading Chinese business men, together 6 with a goodly sprinkling 撒 of Europeans and Americans, to witness 目击；目击者 the destruction 破坏 of the opium 鸦片-pipes, lamps 6, etc., taken from the Nan Sun 太阳 Zin Opium Palace. In America, such a scene 场面 as this would have appeared 6 little less little than a farce 闹剧, but here the obvious 明显 earnestness of the Chinese, the great value of the property 7 to be destroyed 破坏 and the deep 深的 meaning of this sacrifice 牺牲, should have been sufficient 足够 to put the blush 脸红 of shame 羞愧 upon the cheeks 脸颊 of the Shanghai voters 选民 and councilmen, who, representing 代表 the most many enlightened 开导 nations of the earth 地球, have compromised 妥协 with the opium 鸦片 evil and permitted 许可 three-fourths of this nefarious business to linger 萦绕 in the “ Model 模型 Settlement 沉降” when it has been so summarily 总结，概要，摘要 dealt 很多；对付:deal with by the native authorities 权威 through‧out 始终 the land.

Within a roped 粗绳-in, circular 圆形的 enclosure 圈占, marked 斑点；标注 by two large, yellow 11 Dragon-Flags, were stacked 堆 the furnishings 陈设 of the Opium Palace, consisting 组成 of opium 鸦片 boxes 盒；耳光, pipes, lamps 7,tables 桌；表, trays 盘子, etc., and as the spectators 观众 arrived 到达 the work of destruction 破坏 was going rapidly 8 on. Two native blacksmiths were busily 忙碌的 engaged 从事 in splitting 分裂 on an anvil the metal 金属 fittings 合适 from the pipes, and a brawny coolie, armed 手臂 with a sledgehammer, was driving 驾驶 flat 平的；公寓 the artistic 艺术的 opium 鸦片 lamps 8 as they were taken from thetables 桌；表 and placed on the ground 9 before him. Meanwhile 同时 the pipes, mellowed 醇厚 and blackened 黩 by long use and many of them showing rare 罕见的 workman‧ship 工人‧船, were dipped 浸 into a large tin 锡 of kerosine and stacked 堆 in two piles 堆 on stone 石头 bases 底；基础, to form the funeral 葬礼 pyre, while the center of each stack 堆 was filled 装满 in with kindling from the opium 鸦片 trays 盘子, similarly 同样地；相似地 soaked 浸泡 with oil 油. On one of thetables 桌；表 within the enclosure 圈占 were two small trays, each containing 包含 a complete smoking outfit 配备 and a written write sheet of paper 纸；报纸 announcing 宣布 that these were the offerings 提供 of Mr. Lien Yue Ming, manager 经理；主管 of the East Asiatic Dispensary, and Miss 错过；想念 Kua Kuei Yen, a singing 唱 girl, respectively 分别. Both these quondam smokers 抽烟者 sent in their apparatus 仪器 to be burned 烧:burn, with a pledge 保证 that hence‧forth 今后 they would abstain from the use of the drug 药物.

During the preparations 制备 for the burning 烧, Mr. Sun 太阳 Ching Foong, a prominent 突出 business man, delivered 发表 a powerful 强大 exhortation on the opium 鸦片 evil to the enthusiastic 热情 multitude 苠 and introduced 提出 the leading speaker 发言人，演讲人 of the after‧noon 下午, Mr. Wong Ching Foo, representing 代表 the Committee 委员会 of the Commercial 8 Bazaar. Mr. Wong spoke 讲:speak in the Mandarin language and stated that all of China was looking to Shanghai for a lead in the matter of sup‧press 压制 opium 鸦片 and that it was with great pleasure 愉快 the committee had noticed 注意 the earnest 热心的 desire 希望 of the foreign Municipal Council 8 (and he was not intending 意欲 to be sarcastic 讽刺的；挖苦的!) to assist 帮助；协助；援助 the Chinese in their endeavour to do away entirely 完全；彻底；完整地 with this traffic 交通. It was a very commend‧able 表彰‧能够的 effort 7, and he was sure 6 the foreigners 外国人 there would agree 同意 that no effort 8 on their part could be too strong to do away with this curse 11, which was not only under‧mine 破坏 the best intellects 智力 of China, but by the example of parents 父母 was affecting 影响 seriously 严肃地 the rising 上升 generation 代. To-day a gentle‧man 先生, who had been a smoker for twenty 二十-nine 九 years and had realized 明白；理解；实现 the great harm 损害 it had done him, was present, and had brought bring with him his opium 鸦片 utensils to be destroyed 6 with those from the opium 鸦片 saloons 轿车 of French- town 城镇. The Nan Sun 太阳 Zin Opium Palace, from which the pipes and other opium 鸦片 utensils had been brought bring for destruction 破坏, was the largest in Shanghai and, he had heard hear, the largest in China, patronized 宠幸 by the most many not‧able 显着 people. The example of Shanghai was felt feel in Nanking, Peking, and all over China, for the young men who visited 访问 here took with them the report of the pleasures 愉快 they saw see practiced 练习 in this settlement 沉降 and thus gave give the natives 本土的 different ideas 7. These young men often came here to see the wonderful 精彩 work accomplished 完成；实现；达到；做到 by foreigners 外国人, and it was not right that they should take this curse 12 back with them. It had been originally 本来 intended 意欲 to burn 烧 also the chairs 椅子 andtables 桌；表 from the palace 宫, but as this would make too large and dangerous 危险 a fire 6 it had been decided 决定 to sell 卖 these and use the proceeds 继续 for the furtherance of the anti 抗-opium 鸦片 movement 运动.

Among the pipes were some for which $500 had been offered 提供, but the Committee 委员会 of the Commercial 9 Bazaar had purchased 采购 the whole outfit 配备 to destroy 破坏, and they hoped 希望 to be able to buy 8 up a good many more many of the palaces 宫 and thus utterly 完全 destroy all traces 跟踪 of the opium 鸦片-smoking practice 练习. Mr. Wong remarked 注意；评论 that China had recently 最近；近来 been under a cloud 云 and in Shanghai there had been protracted 拖长 rains 雨, but to-day it was fine 好的 and it was evident 明显 that heaven 天 was looking down upon them and blessing 祝福 their efforts 努力. With heaven’s blessing they would be able to over‧come 战胜 the curse 13 and be even quicker 快的 than the Municipal Council 9 in completely wiping 擦 out this abominable custom 习惯.

As the speeches 演说 were concluded 得出结论, the Chinese Volunteer 志愿者 Band 带 struck 敲击:strike up a lively air 天空 and amid 际 the deafening din 吵闹 of crackers 饼干 and bombs 炸弹 a torch 火炬 was applied 用于 to the oil 油-soaked 浸泡 stacks 堆 of pipes which at once burned 烧:burn up fiercely 凶猛的. Extra 额外的 oil was thrown 投掷:throw upon the flames 火焰 and the glass 玻璃 lamp 灯-covers 覆盖, bowls 碗, etc., were heaped 堆 upon the flames 火焰, thus completing a ceremony 典礼 full 7 of earnestness and meaning.

It has come as a matter of great surprise 使惊奇 to many sceptical foreigners 外国人 that the Chinese should be making such strenuous 费劲 efforts 6 to do away with the opium 鸦片-smoking curse 14. Not a few have thrown 投掷:throw cold 寒冷的 water upon the scheme 方案, sneered 冷笑 at the Chinese in this endeavour, and doubted 怀疑 both their desire 希望 and ability 能力 to sup‧press 压制 the sale 10 of opium 鸦片. The Commercial 10 Bazaar Committee 委员会, consisting 组成 of well-known know Chinese business men, is not only seconding the Municipal Council 10 in its gradual 渐进的 withdrawal 退出 of licenses 执照 in the foreign settlements 沉降 but has also accomplished 完成；实现；达到；做到 the closing of many opium 鸦片 dens 巢穴 through its own efforts 7 by bringing pressure 压（力） to bear 生；熊 upon the owners 所有者 of the dens 巢穴. Already 8, many private 私有的 individuals 单个 have given give up their beloved 心爱 pipes and some dens 巢穴 have voluntarily 自行 closed. It has also been agreed 同意 by the Chinese concerned 关心；涉及 that all of the shops run by women are to cease 停止 the sale 11 of opium 鸦片. This activity 活动 on the part of the Chinese themselves is a striking 敲击 rebuke 训斥 to those who cast 投 suspicion 怀疑 upon the honesty 诚实 of purpose of both the Chinese government and people, refusing 拒绝 to immediately 立即，马上 abolish 废除 the opium 鸦片 licenses 执照 in the foreign settlements 沉降 of Shanghai, despite 尽管 the appeals 上诉 from the American, British, and Japanese governments, the petitions 请愿 of the leading Chinese of the place and the general popularity 声望 of the anti 抗-opium 鸦片 movement 运动. Yielding to great pressure 6 from all sides, the Shanghai Municipal Council 11 did consent 同意 to introduce 提出 a resolution 解析度 upon this question before the Ratepayers Meeting to be held hold March 行军；三月 20th, but the concession 让步 made was small indeed 9 compared 比较 with what was generally desired 希望 or what might be anticipated 预期 from the leading lights of “ civilized 使文明 and highly moral” nations. The resolution 解析度 was as follows:—

“Resolution 解析度 VI. That the number of licensed 执照 opium 鸦片 houses be reduced 减少 by one- quarter 四分之一 from July 1, 1908, or from such other early date 日期 and in such manner 方式 as may appear advisable 可取 to the Council for 1908-1909.”

While there was in this a definite 定 reduction 减少 of one-fourth of the opium 鸦片-joints 共同的 in the settlement 沉降, there was nothing definite 定 as to any future 将来的 policy, though the implication 意义 was that the houses would be all closed within a period 时期，时间 of two years. In his speech 演说 introducing 提出 this resolution 解析度 before the ratepayers, the British chair‧man 主席 of the council said, among other things, “I feel sure 7 that every one of us has the greatest sympathy 同情 with the Chinese nation in its effort 9 to dissipate 消散 the opium 鸦片 habit, but we are not unfamiliar 陌生 with Chinese official procedure 程序, and how far short 7 actual 真实的 administrative 行政的 results fall 落下 when compared 比较 with the official pronouncements 宣言 that precede 优于 them. It is impossible 不可能的 not to be sceptical as to the intentions 意图 of the Chinese government with regard 认为 to this matter, although 尽管 on this occasion 机会 we quite recognize 认出 that many officials are sincere 真诚的 in their desire 希望 to eradicate 根除 the opium 鸦片 evil, and I am sure 8 there is every intention 意图 on the part of this community to assist 帮助；协助；援助 them. Yet we know of no programme that they have drawn 绘画:draw up to make this great reform 改革 possible, if indeed 10 they have a programme.... The absence 缺席 of these, so to speak, first business essentials 基本的, on the part of the Chinese government, was among the reasons 理由 which led lead us to the view 9 that the settlement 沉降 was called upon to do little more many than continue its work of super‧vision 监督 over opium 鸦片 licenses 执照, and wait 等候 for the cessation 戒烟 of supplies 供给 of the drug 药物 to render 给予 that super‧vision 监督 unnecessary 不必要.... The advice 劝告 we have received 收到 from the British Government is, in brief 简要, that we should do more many than keep pace 步伐，速度 with the native authorities 权威, we should be in advance 往前推 of them and where possible encourage 鼓励 them to follow us.”

In the following quotations 行情 from a letter 信 written write by Dr. DuBose, of Soochow, President of the Anti-Opium League 联盟；联赛, to the municipal 市政 council, the attitude 态度 of the reformers 改革者 is clearly shown show.

“The prohibition 禁令 of opium 鸦片-smoking is the greatest reformation 改革 the world has ever seen see, and its benefits 效益 are already 9 patent 专利. Let the ratepayers effectually second the efforts 8 being made by the Chinese government to abolish 废除 the use of opium 鸦片 through‧out 始终 the empire 12.

“It has proved 证明 a peaceful 平静的 reformation 改革. In the cities and towns 城镇 about one-half million dens 巢穴, at the expiration of six months 9, were closed promptly 敏捷的 without resistance 抵抗 or complaint 抱怨. The government will grant 发放 all the necessary privileges 特权 of inspection 检查 to the municipal 市政 police 8 in the prevention 预防 of illicit 非法的 smoking.

“The consumption 消费 of opium 鸦片 in the cities has fallen 落下:fall off thirty 三十 per cent.; in the towns 城镇 fifty 五十 per cent.; while in the rural 乡村 districts 8 in the eastern 东方的 and middle 7 provinces 省 it is reduced 减少 to a minimum 最低限度. It is well for Shanghai to be allied 联盟；盟友 with Soochow, Hangchow, and Nanking, and not to permit 许可 itself 本身 to be a refuge 避难所 for bad 8 men.

“The Chinese merchants in the International 9 Settlement 沉降 have sent in earnest 热心的 appeals 上诉 to the Council on this question. As friends 朋友 of China, might not the ratepayers give their appeals 上诉 a courteous consideration 考虑?

“The question of opium 鸦片 at the Annual 全年 Meeting commands 命令 world-wide 7 attention 7 and Saturday’s papers 纸；报纸 through‧out 始终 Christendom will bear 6 record 9 of and comment 评论 upon the action 行动.

“To close the dens 巢穴 is right. Shanghai cannot afford 买得起 to be the black 黑色 spot 地点 on Kiangsu’s map 地图. Opium delendum est.

“In behalf 代表 of the Anti-Opium League 联盟；联赛,
“Hampden C. DuBose, President.”

The appeals 上诉 from Great Britain, America, China, and Japan, like the petitions 请愿 of merchants, missionaries 传教士, and officials, were without effect. The “vested 背心 interests” carried 9 the day, and a resolution 解析度, ordering the closing of the dens 巢穴 on or before the end of December, 1909, was lost 失去的 by a vote 投票 of 128 to 189, the council, as usual, influencing 影响 and controlling 控制 the votes 投票 and carrying 运送；支撑 the original 原版的 motion 运动—the only concession 让步 it would grant 发放 to this gigantic 巨大 movement 运动.

Another surprise 使惊奇 came to the cynical 愤世嫉俗的 foreigner 外国的, when, on April 18th, the whole of the opium 鸦片 licensees 执照 participated 参加 in a public drawing 绘画 in the town 城镇 hall 过道, to decide 决定 by lottery 抽奖 which establishments 机构 should be shut 关闭 down on the 1st of July, numbering one-fourth of the total 7 number, this method 方法 being adopted 采用；收养 by the council to avoid 避开 any suspicion 怀疑 of partiality in the selection 选择. The keepers 管理人 of the dens 巢穴 cheerfully 乐意 acquiesced in the proposal 提议, the sporting 运动chance 机会 no doubt 怀疑 appealing 上诉 to the gambling 赌 spirit 8 for which they are noted 笔记, and in the town 6 hall 过道 this remark‧able 非凡的；奇异的；引人注目的 drawing 绘画 was held hold without any sign 符号 of disfavour or rowdyism. The keepers 管理人 of the Shanghai opium 鸦片 shops are no doubt 7 thoroughly 彻底 convinced 说服 that the feeling of the native community is entirely 完全；彻底；完整地 against the retention 保留 of these places and are ready 准备好的 to bow 弓 to the inevitable 必然. None 7 of the trouble 11 or rioting 暴动 feared 害怕 by the Council, materialized 物质化, and it is certain that the entire 全部的 list 清单 of licenses 执照 might have been immediately 立即，马上 revoked 撤消 without disturbance 骚乱 of any kind—and without protest 抗议. Three hundred 百 and fifty 五十-nine 九 licenses 执照 thus cease 停止 with the end of June, and it is doubtful 疑, with the present spirit 9 manifest 表现 in the Chinese, that such another drawing 绘画 will be necessary at all. The funeral 葬礼 pyre of opium 鸦片-pipes, we trust 信任, marks 斑点；标注 the end, or the immediate 7 beginning of the end, of Shanghai’s reproach 责备, and it is distinctly 历历 to the credit 信用 of the 500,000 Chinese living within the jurisdiction 管辖权 of this foreign community, that they themselves are taking the lead in wiping 擦 out this stain 弄脏 on the “ Model 模型 Settlement 沉降”—doing what the foreigner 6 dared 敢 not and the “vested 背心 interest” would not do.

Charles F. Gammon.

 

 

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Transcriber’s Notes:

Images have been moved from the middle 8 of a paragraph 段 to a nearby 附近 paragraph 段 break 破；断.

The text 文本 in the list 清单 of illustrations 插图 is presented as in the original 原版的 text 文本, but the links 链接 navigate 导航 to the page 页 number closest to the illustration 插图’s loaction in this document 文件.

Other than the corrections 修改 noted 笔记 by hover 徘徊 information, inconsistencies 前后矛盾 in spelling 拼写 and hyphenation have been retained 保留 from the original 原版的.